INTERNACIONAL
La resurrección de Raúl Prébisch

El 2 de abril, el presidente de los Estados Unidos tomó el pódium para anunciar a sus conciudadanos y al mundo la política económica internacional de su administración. En la medida que el relato discurría, la mente voló a flujos discursivos sepultados en la memoria por al menos cuatro décadas.
El discurso pintaba una situación mundial en la que el desarrollo de Estados Unidos estaba comprometido como consecuencia del proteccionismo del resto del mundo frente a sus productos, mientras Estados Unidos abría su mercado creando así un desbalance que había destruido las industrias domésticas y condenado a la clase media norteamericana al empobrecimiento.
La administración Trump pondrá fin a esta situación imponiendo aranceles a todas las naciones del mundo, en particular las que exhiben un excedente en la balanza comercial con los Estados Unidos. Una vez impuesta la pared arancelaria, las industrias regresarán a Estados Unidos, habrá grandes inversiones y creación de empleos, y se producirá un relanzamiento de la economía norteamericana sobre bases muy sólidas.
Curiosamente, esa misma lógica fue la utilizada por Raúl Prébisch, el economista argentino que fue el director fundador de la Comisión Económica para América Latina de las Naciones Unidas y Director Fundador de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y desarrollo (UNCTAD): la política recomendada para las naciones de América Latina en las postrimerías de la Segunda Guerra Mundial suponía que se convertiría en la plataforma de lanzamiento del desarrollo.

Según los promotores de esta política liderados por Prébisch, pero secundado por Celso Furtado, Juan Noyola, Osvaldo Sunkel y Fernando Enrique Cardoso, el cerco arancelario haría crecer el mercado interno y con ello el PIB y la tasa de desarrollo. Setenta años después no solo no ha ocurrido lo previsto, sino que los países que han logrado el mayor nivel de desarrollo en la región son aquellos que han abrazado el libre mercado y el Estado de derecho. Dichos países son Chile, Costa Rica, Barbados y Uruguay. México salió de su estado de postración económica de finales del siglo pasado gracias al tratado de libre comercio con Estados Unidos y Canadá.
Surge entonces la pregunta. Siendo Prébisch uno de los mejores economistas del mundo, ¿por qué falló su modelo? Y la respuesta la dio hace muchas lunas un señor llamado David Ricardo, quien descubrió que cada nación gana con el comercio porque la dotación de recursos es desigual entre naciones. Hay naciones que tienen exceso de minerales y otras que no solo carecen de ellos, sino que cuentan con faunas floras tan ricas y variadas que pueden poblar los desiertos. El Sr Ricardo en esa época se dio cuenta que si la nación con exceso de minerales los explotaba y compraba alimentos e insumos para la construcción del país con la fauna y flora ricas, ambas naciones doblaban sus ingresos porque se dedicaban a producir lo que era más barato producir y, en consecuencia, creaban más empleos y detrás de los empleos venían las familias clase media y detrás de ellas el gasto en consumo y detrás del consumo la producción.
En síntesis, el problema no reside en proteger la industria local, sino en concentrar el ejercicio económico en el área en que residen las ventajas comparativas de cada nación.

Pues ocurre que Estados Unidos se ha concentrado hasta ahora en las actividades en que goza de ventajas. Y esas actividades no son la manufactura, sino la robótica industrial, la digitalización de las tareas productivas y la inserción de la Inteligencia Artificial a las tareas productivas. China, por el contrario, tiene ventajas comparativas en la manufactura con las que jamás podrá nadie en Occidente competir. Porque la mano de obra de China es una de las más eficientes del mundo por dos razones. Una, la mayoría practica el Confucionismo y esa práctica espiritual favorece el ahorro sobre el gasto, lo cual hace de cada chino una persona disciplinada en materia financiera. Pero, además, los dos idiomas mayoritarios de China, el mandarín y el cantones, requieren de quien los habla dominar 15. 000 caracteres. Por tanto, la mente de los chinos es una minicomputadora que los hace eficientes y efectivos.
Traer manufactura a Estados Unidos es la mejor manera de encarecer el presupuesto de la ya golpeada clase media norteamericana que ha pasado de representar el 45% de la población a representar el 30% de la población. En síntesis, así como la industrialización por sustitución de importaciones no logró convertirse en el cohete del desarrollo en América Latina y lo que si creó fue una clase empresarial extractora de renta e incapaz de competir con éxito en ninguna parte del mundo, en Estados Unidos corremos el riesgo de ponernos a producir ropa; enseres domésticos y aparatos electrónicos caros mientras China concentra los recursos en insertar la inteligencia artificial en todas las actividades productivas.
Y el cisma entre siglo XX y siglo XXI se profundizará entre Oriente y Occidente. Ya esto es dolorosamente aparente cuando uno se embarca en una aeronave, sea desde Shanghái; Tokio, Singapur o Kuala Lumpur, con destino a cualquier punto de occidente. La experiencia es similar a viajar del siglo XXI al siglo XX.
Para fortuna de todos los mortales y muy en especial de quiénes somos ciudadanos norteamericanos, al parecer el presidente Trump está usando la pared arancelaria para obligar al mundo a destruir las propias. Una vez logrado esto, Estados Unidos colocaría aranceles de igual nivel frente a cada una de las naciones del mundo. Si lograra esto, va a ser el líder mundial de la liberación comercial. Y podríamos decretar el cierre de la OMC porque luego de veinte años no ha logrado liberar ningún mercado del mundo. Ojalá la próxima idea que tenga sea la de hacer que sus amigos de Silicón Valley paguen impuestos en los Estados Unidos porque ya está bueno de que -vía los precios de transferencia- solo paguen en Irlanda por ingresos generados por el mercado norteamericano. Porque si se logra liberar el comercio mundial y restituir los flujos impositivos en Estados Unidos, habrá que otorgarle el presidente Trump el Premio Nobel de Economía, distinción que eludió a Prébisch y a sus seguidores.
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INTERNACIONAL
DHS fires back at Democrats for ‘beyond the pale’ rhetoric as ICE agents face wave of violent threats

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is continuing to call on Democrats to tone down the rhetoric against Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents as riots not only persisted in Los Angeles Sunday night, but agents continue to face threats of doxxing and violence.
The department has taken issue with not only California leaders but also House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, Boston Mayor Michelle Wu and Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz.
«The violent targeting of law enforcement in Los Angeles by lawless rioters is despicable and Mayor Bass and Governor Newsom must call for it to end,» DHS Assistant Secretary Tricia McLaughlin said in a Saturday statement. «The men and women of ICE put their lives on the line to protect and defend the lives of American citizens.»
ACTING ICE DIRECTOR CALLS MAYOR WU’S NEO-NAZI COMPARISON ‘DISGUSTING’ AMID INCREASE IN AGENT ASSAULTS
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), led by Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem, is continuing to call on Democrats to tone down the rhetoric against Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents. (Kevin Lamarque/Reuters)
«Make no mistake, Democrat politicians like Hakeem Jeffries, Mayor Wu of Boston, Tim Walz, and Mayor Bass of Los Angeles are contributing to the surge in assaults of our ICE officers through their repeated vilification and demonization of ICE,» McLaughlin stated. «From comparisons to the modern-day Nazi Gestapo to glorifying rioters, the violent rhetoric of these sanctuary politicians is beyond the pale. This violence against ICE must end.»
The department says there’s been a 413% increase in assaults against ICE agents, which comes as the riots in Los Angeles are centered against the presence of the agency in the city.
Wu and Jeffries recently faced criticism for their comments on ICE agents masking while conducting sweeps to conceal their identity for safety reasons.
«Every single ICE agent who is engaged in this aggressive overreach and are trying to hide their identities from the American people will be unsuccessful in doing that,» Jeffries said on Capitol Hill.
«This is America. This is not the Soviet Union,» he added, saying identification is needed to comply with the law and have proper «transparency.» «We’re not behind the Iron Curtain. This is not the 1930s. And every single one of them, no matter what it takes, no matter how long it takes, will of course be identified.»
Wu was slammed for comments where she drew a tie between ICE and neo-Nazi group Nationalist Social Club-131 for the masking decision, which DHS called «sickening,» according to the Boston Herald.
FEDERAL OFFICIALS SLAM DEMOCRATS FOR ‘DANGEROUS’ RHETORIC AS ICE AGENTS FACE VIOLENT MOBS IN LA, NYC

In response to an online video of a Democratic state representative in Tennessee allegedly stalking ICE agents, the DHS said that «this Administration is not playing games with the lives and safety of our ICE officers.» (Minh Connors/Anadolu via Getty Images and ICE)
«I don’t know of any police department that routinely wears masks,» Wu said. «We know that there are other groups that routinely wear masks. NSC-131 routinely wears masks.»
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, who was the Democratic vice presidential nominee in 2024, also controversially drew a comparison to the Nazis in May.
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«I’m gonna start with the flashing red light — Donald Trump’s modern-day Gestapo is scooping folks up off the streets,» Walz claimed at a University of Minnesota law school commencement speech. «They’re in unmarked vans, wearing masks, being shipped off to foreign torture dungeons. No chance to mount a defense. Not even a chance to kiss a loved one goodbye. Just grabbed up by masked agents, shoved into those vans, and disappeared.»
In California, the anti-ICE riots triggered an order from President Donald Trump to deploy to the National Guard, which Newsom is expected to take legal action against. Newsom repeatedly has said that the Trump administration has instigated the situation «to manufacture chaos and violence,» and has said that those who are committing «violent acts» will face legal repercussions and are playing into the president’s hands.
ICE OFFICIAL PUTS POLITICIANS ON BLAST, DEMANDING THEY ‘STOP PUTTING MY PEOPLE IN DANGER’

National Guard are deployed around downtown Los Angeles, Jun. 8, 2025, following an immigration raid protest the night before. (Eric Thayer/The Associated Press)
«Continued chaotic federal sweeps, across California, to meet an arbitrary arrest quota are as reckless as they are cruel,» Newsom stated Friday. «Donald Trump’s chaos is eroding trust, tearing families apart, and undermining the workers and industries that power America’s economy.»
Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass called on residents not to «engage in violence and chaos» and to not «give the administration what they want,» Sunday in an X post, but faced scrutiny for Friday comments saying that «these tactics sow terror in our communities and disrupt basic principles of safety in our city.»
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When Fox News Digital reached out to Newsom’s office about DHS’ comments, they sent a link to a post in which Acting ICE Director Todd Lyons credited Newsom for complying with ICE detainers for those already behind bars.
Fox News Digital reached out to the offices of Wu, Bass, Walz and Jeffries and did not receive replies.
INTERNACIONAL
España: procesaron al Fiscal General, elegido por Pedro Sánchez, por revelar información que perjudica a la presidenta madrileña Isabel Díaz Ayuso

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INTERNACIONAL
UN’s nuclear watchdog warns its unable to confirm Iran’s program is ‘entirely peaceful’

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Iran’s refusal to play ball with the United Nation’s nuclear watchdog, which is charged with monitoring all nations’ nuclear programs, has meant the body cannot verify whether Tehran’s program is «entirely peaceful» despite the regime’s claims.
Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Rafael Grossi, on Monday issued a warning statement that the agency has not only long been barred access to old and new nuclear sites, but that Iran has scrubbed locations in an apparent move to cover up its activities.
In 2020, the IAEA found man-made particles of enriched uranium at three sites, including Varamin, Marivan and Turquzabad. The locations were previously utilized in Iran’s nuclear program and gave the agency credence to believe Tehran had once again turned to deadly nuclear ambitions.
US SANCTIONS MONEY LAUNDERING NETWORK AIDING IRAN AS REGIME FACES NUCLEAR REPRIMAND AT IAEA
Rafael Grossi is increasingly concerned about Iran’s nuclear program. (Albert Otti/picture alliance via Getty Images)
«Since then, we have been seeking explanations and clarifications from Iran for the presence of these uranium particles, including through a number of high-level meetings and consultations in which I have been personally involved,» Grossi said. «Unfortunately, Iran has repeatedly either not answered, or not provided technically credible answers to, the Agency’s questions.
«It has also sought to sanitize the locations, which has impeded Agency verification activities,» he added.
Grossi, who confirmed during an April trip to Washington, D.C. that the IAEA has not been involved in nuclear negotiations between the U.S. and Iran, said on Monday that he has been working «closely and intensively» with both parties in «support of their bilateral negotiation[s].»
The warning comes after the IAEA in a report late last month, also confirmed that Iran had drastically increased its stockpile of near-weapons-grade enriched uranium by nearly 35% in three months.
IRAN’S KHAMENEI REJECTS US ZERO URANIUM ENRICHMENT DEMAND AS ‘100% AGAINST’ ITS INTERESTS

This photo released on Nov. 5, 2019, by the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran shows centrifuge machines in the Natanz uranium enrichment facility in central Iran. (Atomic Energy Organization of Iran via AP, File)
In February, the IAEA assessed that Tehran possessed 274.8 kilograms (605.8 pounds) worth of uranium enriched to 60%, but on May 17th it found Iran now has some 408.6 kilograms (900.8 pounds) – meaning the regime is just a technical step away from being able to make up to 10 nuclear warheads.
Last week, Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei came out in strong opposition to a U.S. proposal submitted to Tehran to end its nuclear program, though it remains unclear what details were included in the document, including on enrichment capabilities, and on Sunday, Iranian parliamentary speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf claimed the proposal didn’t include any sanction relief.
The White House has remained tight-lipped about what was included in the document, though according to some reporting, President Donald Trump gave Iran until June 11 to reach a deal with the U.S., though Fox News Digital could not independently verify these claims.
On Monday, Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmaeil Baghaei confirmed that «The U.S. proposal is not acceptable to us. It was not the result of previous rounds of negotiations.»

Iranian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Esmaeil Baghaei attends a press conference in Tehran, Iran, on May 26, 2025. An interim nuclear agreement between Iran and the United States is not on Iran’s agenda, Baghaei said. (Shadati/Xinhua via Getty Images)
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«We will present our own proposal to the other side via Oman after it is finalized. This proposal is reasonable, logical, and balanced,» Baghaei reportedly said.
Some reporting has also suggested Iran might submit their proposal as soon as June 10, though the Iranian UN mission in the U.S. would not comment on or confirm these claims.
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