INTERNACIONAL
Una mujer, el antisemitismo y Parsifal: los ingredientes que rompieron el lazo entre Friedrich Nietzsche y Richard Wagner
El distanciamiento entre Friedrich Nietzsche y Richard Wagner no solo se debió a diferencias filosóficas, sino también a factores personales y sociales, como el antisemitismo de Wagner, la atracción de Nietzsche por Cosima Wagner y el giro cristiano del compositor en su obra Parsifal. La relación entre ambos, que comenzó como una admiración mutua y una colaboración intelectual, terminó marcada por el desencanto y la crítica feroz, reflejando la complejidad de dos personalidades que influyeron de manera decisiva en la cultura europea del siglo XIX.
El vínculo entre el joven filólogo Nietzsche, de 24 años, y el consagrado compositor Wagner, de 55, se forjó en torno a una pasión compartida por la filosofía de Arthur Schopenhauer y la búsqueda de una renovación artística a través de la música. Ambos veían en la tragedia griega y en la ópera una vía para revitalizar la cultura occidental, a la que consideraban decadente y carente de propósito. Wagner aspiraba a que el arte del futuro ennobleciera el gusto y mejorara la moralidad, una meta que, según Schopenhauer, solo la música podía alcanzar por su capacidad de ir más allá de la mera imitación de la realidad.
La colaboración entre Nietzsche y Wagner se consolidó en el contexto de la casa de Tribschen, donde compartieron siete años de amistad intensa. Durante este periodo, la influencia de Schopenhauer se manifestó tanto en la obra filosófica de Nietzsche, especialmente en El nacimiento de la tragedia en el espíritu de la música, como en la monumental tetralogía wagneriana El anillo del nibelungo. Ambos exploraron la idea de la “obra de arte total”, en la que la música, la poesía y la escenografía se fusionaban para alcanzar una expresión artística superior, apoyados en las posibilidades de la orquesta sinfónica moderna.
Sin embargo, las tensiones no tardaron en aparecer. Wagner y su entorno, con Cosima como figura central, comenzaron a ver en Nietzsche un instrumento para difundir una especie de culto en torno al compositor. Nietzsche, por su parte, nunca perdió de vista la necesidad de emanciparse de su maestro, convencido de que “se recompensa mal a un maestro si se permanece siempre discípulo”. Esta convicción lo llevó a identificar en Wagner una figura dominante y absorbente, a la que comparó con el Minotauro, y a buscar su propio camino filosófico a través del espíritu dionisíaco y la superación del nihilismo schopenhaueriano.
La ruptura definitiva se precipitó por varios motivos. El antisemitismo de Wagner resultó inaceptable para Nietzsche, quien además se sintió desplazado por la influencia de Cosima. El regreso de Wagner al cristianismo, plasmado en Parsifal, marcó una distancia insalvable con el pensamiento nietzscheano. La publicación de Humano, demasiado humano por parte de Nietzsche supuso la destrucción de cualquier puente entre ambos, y las críticas se volvieron públicas y personales. Wagner llegó a despreciar el “nihilismo repugnante” de Nietzsche, mientras que este último ridiculizó la “hegelomanía en música” del compositor y criticó la presencia de elementos antisemitas y nacionalistas en su círculo.
La correspondencia entre ambos, aunque incompleta debido a que Cosima destruyó muchas de las cartas, ofrece un testimonio valioso de la intensidad y el alcance de su relación. Las cartas que se conservan, como la fechada el 4 de junio de 1870, muestran el intercambio intelectual y afectivo que marcó su amistad y posterior enemistad.
El legado de la relación entre Nietzsche y Wagner se refleja en la evolución de sus respectivas obras. Nietzsche, tras romper con Wagner, desarrolló una filosofía vitalista y perspectivista, defendiendo la destrucción de valores establecidos para dar paso a nuevas formas de creación y sentido. Wagner, por su parte, consolidó su posición como figura central de la música alemana, aunque su círculo se vio marcado por controversias ideológicas. La frase de Nietzsche, “sin música, la vida sería un error” resume la importancia que ambos otorgaron al arte como motor de transformación individual y colectiva.
La edición de la correspondencia y los estudios críticos, publicada por la editorial Fórcola en 2025 bajo el título Correspondencia. Richard Wagner y Friedrich Nietzsche, con prólogo de Miguel Ángel González Barrio y notas de Luis Enrique de Santiago Guervós, abarca 392 páginas y constituye una fuente fundamental para comprender la dimensión intelectual y emocional de una de las amistades más influyentes y conflictivas de la modernidad europea.
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Georgia Attorney General Chris Carr, one of the leading Republican contenders for governor, has filed a lawsuit against Lt. Gov. Burt Jones, challenging the legality of his GOP rival’s campaign funding.
Carr asked a federal judge to permanently block Jones’ ability to spend money from his leadership committee, a fundraising tool that allows the state’s governor, lieutenant governor and legislative leaders to raise unlimited funds.
Both men are leading Republican candidates to succeed term-limited GOP Gov. Brian Kemp after next year’s election.
Carr argues that Jones’ leadership committee violates the attorney general’s First Amendment right to free speech and his 14th Amendment right to equal protection by setting up a campaign finance structure that boosts Jones and limits how much Carr can spend on his campaign. A 2021 state law that created leadership committees does not allow Carr or other declared candidates to have access to the fundraising vehicle.
Carr’s regular campaign committee is limited to raising $8,400 from each donor for his primary campaign and $4,200 for a potential primary runoff.
FORMER GEORGIA LT. GOV. GEOFF DUNCAN ABANDONS GOP TO JOIN DEMOCRATIC PARTY
Georgia Attorney General Chris Carr, pictured here, sued Lt. Gov. Burt Jones over the legality of the lieutenant governor’s campaign funding. (Megan Varner/Getty Images)
Carr campaign spokeswoman Julia Mazzone said in a statement that Jones «is using his position to sidestep contribution limits, raise six-figure checks during legislative sessions and funnel unlimited money into a competitive primary through a structure only he can access.»
«Republicans cannot ignore the cloud of unethical, illegal and corrupt behavior that surrounds Burt Jones,» Mazzone said.
«Leadership committees were never intended to be unregulated campaign machines,» the statement added. «The court has ruled on this before, and the Constitution prohibits exactly what’s happening here. We’re taking action to uphold transparency and accountability standards.»
A Jones campaign spokesperson, meanwhile, has accused Carr of being hypocritical since his office previously defended the same law that he is now challenging in court. Carr has argued that the attorney general must defend challenged laws even if he personally disagrees with them.
«Georgia’s lackluster Attorney General defended this law two years ago,» Kendyl Parker, Jones’ spokeswoman said. «Now, he’s running for governor and wants to challenge the same law he once defended. If hypocrisy were an Olympic sport, he’d take gold.»
Carr launched his gubernatorial bid last year, saying he needed more time to raise money because he is not personally wealthy. His campaign has expressed concerns for months that Jones will use his leadership committee and family wealth to support his primary campaign.
REPUBLICAN DOOLEY JUMPS INTO GEORGIA’S SENATE RACE WHILE TOUTING SUPPORT FOR TRUMP AND TAKING AIM AT OSSOFF
Georgia AG Chris Carr asked a federal judge to permanently block Lt. Gov. Burt Jones’ ability to spend money from the lieutenant governor’s leadership committee. (Nathan Posner/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
The Carr campaign has sought to have the state Ethics Commission probe the source of a $10 million loan Jones made to his leadership committee, although the commission declined to launch an investigation, noting that Carr failed to allege a legal violation.
The attorney general’s campaign pointed to U.S. District Judge Mark Cohen’s 2022 ruling that a leadership committee for Kemp could not use money for Kemp’s re-election campaign during that year’s Republican primary. Cohen found that the «unequal campaign finance scheme» violated GOP primary challenger and former U.S. Sen. David Perdue’s First Amendment right to free speech.
Cohen ruled that Kemp could continue raising money for the leadership committee but said the governor could not spend it against Perdue in the primary.
«Despite full knowledge of this history, Mr. Jones and his leadership committee, WBJ Leadership Committee, Inc., are ignoring this Court’s prior rulings and using a leadership committee—that has no contribution or coordinated spending limits—in a primary election against a candidate without one,» Carr’s lawsuit reads.
Carr is seeking additional restrictions on Jones’ leadership committee than in Cohen’s ruling. The attorney general is asking a judge to cut off both fundraising and spending from the lieutenant governor’s leadership committee until the primary race is over.
He is also requesting that a federal magistrate judge be appointed to oversee all spending by the leadership committee and that Jones’ regular campaign committee repay any money already spent by the leadership committee to support Jones’ gubernatorial run.
«The loan and its amount are significant because Mr. Jones is also able to raise unlimited funds into the leadership committee, then repay the loan from funds raised that then can be applied directly to his campaign account, effectively removing the contribution limits from those dollars,» the lawsuit says.
Lt. Gov. Burt Jones’ campaign criticized Georgia AG Chris Carr as a hypocrite since his office defended the same law in 2022 that he is now challenging in court. (Elijah Nouvelage/Getty Images)
Carr asks that the court block Jones from giving any cash to dark money groups or making any loans to his regular campaign committee during the primary. He also wants the magistrate judge to probe where Jones’ $10 million loan came from, citing a 2022 financial disclosure showing that Jones did not have enough liquid assets for a loan of that quantity.
The attorney general’s campaign continues to express concern that Jones could raise unlimited money to repay his loan and then give the repaid money to his candidate committee for the primary, arguing that this would wreck campaign contribution restrictions.
«Mr. Jones is raising and spending unlimited amounts of money in the primary—and Mr. Carr is limited in what he can raise by Georgia’s existing campaign contribution limits,» the lawsuit reads. «This Court should level this uneven playing field by preventing Mr. Jones from using his leadership committee during the primary election.»
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Carr’s campaign has also called on the Ethics Commission for an advisory legal opinion on whether Jones’ fundraising activity is legal.
The Republican primary will be held in May, and the general election next year in the purple state is expected to be one of the most expensive governor’s races in the country.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
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A summit between Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S. President Trump could be happening as soon as next week.
Fox News can report that officials are tentatively planning for a Trump-Putin summit at the end of next week, according to a source familiar with the planning. The location is still up in the air but Hungary, Switzerland, Rome and the United Arab Emirates are in the mix, Fox News is told.
ZELENSKYY TELLS PUTIN TO ‘BE BRAVE’ AND FINALLY AGREE TO TRILATERAL MEETING WITH TRUMP
President Donald Trump is expected to meet in person with Russia’s Vladimir Putin, possibly next week. (Getty Images)
TRUMP-PUTIN MEETING AGREED UPON ‘IN PRINCIPLE,’ KREMLIN AIDE INDICATES
The summit could still ultimately fall apart as Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy informed officials of the terms of the Ukrainian Constitution which mandate a national referendum for any territorial concessions.
U.S. President Donald Trump (C) and Vice President JD Vance meet with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in the Oval Office at the White House on February 28, 2025 in Washington, DC. (Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)
A meeting between Putin and Trump would be their first since Trump returned to office this year. It would be a significant milestone in the 3-year-old war, though there’s no promise such a meeting would lead to the end of the fighting since Russia and Ukraine remain far apart on their demands.
Trump, appearing before reporters later at the White House, didn’t answer questions about a potential location for a meeting but when asked about a summit with Putin and Zelenskyy, said «there’s a very good prospect that they will» meet.
In this pool photograph distributed by the Russian state agency Sputnik, Russia’s President Vladimir Putin chairs a Security Council meeting via videoconference at the Kremlin in Moscow on March 28, 2025. (SERGEI ILYIN/POOL/AFP via Getty Images)
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The president declined to predict how close he was to reaching a deal to end the fighting, saying, «I’ve been disappointed before with this one.»
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
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Bomberos en un hospital para tuberculosos tras el impacto de una bomba rusa en el techo en Járkov, Ucrania, el viernes 25 de julio de 2025. El presidente ruso, Vladímir Putin, lleva tiempo afirmando su deseo de reunirse con el presidente Trump. La razón: cree que dicha reunión, más que un simple avance en el campo de batalla, es su mejor oportunidad para asegurar la victoria en su guerra contra Ucrania. (David Guttenfelder/The New York Times)Giro
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