INTERNACIONAL
How bunker buster bombs work and how they could destroy Iran’s Fordow nuclear site

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As Israel’s battle to take out Iran’s nuclear capabilities continues, Iran’s most heavily-protected nuclear facility at Fordow, two hours from Tehran, remains intact.
Many military analysts believe that a two-ton precision bunker buster developed by and in sole possession of the U.S. is the only means of eliminating the Fordow site, which some claim may be capable of producing a nuclear warhead in as little as two to three days.
Jonathan Ruhe, Director of Foreign Policy for JINSA, spoke with Fox News Digital about bunker-busters, and how Israel or the U.S. might use them to eliminate the Fordow nuclear threat.
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Illustration showing how a GBU-57 Bunker Buster is deployed. (Fox News )
What is a bunker buster?
Ruhe said bunker busters are munitions designed to use the force of gravity to «penetrate through any mixture of earth, rock, and concrete before the bomb itself then explodes» underground. The explosion may either take out the target fully, or «collapse the structure» around the target «without necessarily obliterating it,» he explained.
Bunker busters come in multiple weight classes. Israel possesses 2,000- and 5,000-pound varieties. Only the U.S. possesses the 30,000-pound GBU-57 A/B Massive Ordinance Penetrator (MOP).
Developed under President George W. Bush, Ruhe says the MOP was «designed specifically» for targets like Fordow, where nuclear sites or command and control bunkers are hidden far underground.

Two separate bombs are dropped by a B2 Spirit stealth bomber. (Fox News)
How many bunker busters are needed?
Ruhe said that the number of munitions required to target Fordow depends on the depth of the facility. The Foundation for Defense of Democracies states that Fordow’s facility is between 60 and 90 meters (196 to 295 feet) below ground. The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Rafael Grossi told The Financial Times last week that the facility reaches 800 meters underground.
Ruhe said Grossi, who has been to the Fordow facility, may have been «trying to message, ‘hey, military action is not the solution here.’»
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The illustration shows the first bomb exploding and creating a hole. (Fox News)
The MOP is said to have a penetration depth of 200 feet. Ruhe said that given Fordow’s distance underground and the difficulty of penetrating the rocky mountainside the site is dug into, the U.S. would likely use a technique called burrowing, in which a B-2 Spirit stealth bomber would «drop several MOPs in succession, one after the other.»
Fordow poses a unique target. Ruhe said that pilots have to take into account the facility’s multiple, narrow exit tunnels, and achieve the right angle of impact to penetrate the ground.
Though Israeli air dominance over Iran has eliminated the need for stealth air assets, Ruhe believes the stealth B-2 would be the only tool adequate for delivering the MOPs. Ruhe said timing constraints make the use of B-52 bombers «not relevant.»
Additionally, Ruhe explained that talk of loaning B-2 bombers to the Israeli Air Force is «a dangerous distraction.» Not only is there «0.0% chance» that the U.S. would give out this strategic capability, but Ruhe says training Israeli pilots to fly the B-2 would take several months.

A second bomb follows into the hole and explodes, causing more damage. (Fox News)
Can Israel take out Fordow?
Mark Dubowitz, CEO of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, told Fox News Digital that «destroying [Fordow] from the air is a job only the U.S. can do.»
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Given that Israel is «very tactically inventive» and «very good at maximizing the capabilities they do have,» Ruhe says that Israel could achieve its goals at Fordow without the MOP.
Not only did Ruhe offer the unlikely but not impossible scenario where Israel might «storm the site in a commando raid,» but he said that Israel could use F-15s, escorted by F-35s, to deliver multiple 5,000-pound bunker busters over Fordow, utilizing the same burrowing tactic the U.S. would likely employ.

FILE – In this Oct. 25, 2015, file photo, a U.S. Air Force B2 Spirit stealth bomber performs a flyover at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Ala. (AP Photo/Mark Almond, File)
Such a strike, he admitted, would «achieve a more limited definition of success» than the MOP could.
Differing expectations for Fordow
The U.S. and Israel are likely to have different goals in targeting Fordow, Ruhe said. «Americans tend to think of obliterating targets,» Ruhe said, whereas Israel would «probably be fine with saying they knocked back the operations there by a year or so.»
Ruhe estimates that the bunker busters may not completely destroy the facility, but that it may be considered a success if it were to knock out the power source to Iranian centrifuges, or making «the air too polluted» for centrifuges to operate.

FORDO, IRAN — JUN. 14, 2025; Maxar satellite imagery overview of the Fordo enrichment facility located approximately 60 miles southwest of Tehran. No visible damage is observed. (Maxar Technologies via Getty)
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Israel has «successfully knocked out the other parts of Iran’s fuel cycle» in Natanz and Isfahan, Ruhe said. «If you want to prevent a nuclear Iran, Fordow is a big part of that,» Ruhe said. «But it’s only just a part of what still needs to be done and thought about.»
Fox News’ Caitlin McFall contributed to this article.
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INTERNACIONAL
Fox News Politics Newsletter: Clinic Staffers Face Federal Charges for Obstructing ICE Raid

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Welcome to the Fox News Politics newsletter, with the latest updates on the Trump administration, Capitol Hill and more Fox News politics content. Here’s what’s happening…
– SCOOP: Key GOP group starts work on 2nd ‘big, beautiful bill‘ for Trump
– Democrats have hit ‘rock bottom,’ party leader says. Here’s his unorthodox rebound plan
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Medical Staff Face Charges After Allegedly Interfering with ICE Arrest
EXCLUSIVE: Federal authorities arrested a staff member of a clinic in Ontario, California, for allegedly interfering with an Immigration and Customs Enforcement arrest, while another remains at large.
Earlier this month, Honduran national Denis Guillen-Solis, a landscaper, allegedly left on foot to evade law enforcement and went inside the Ontario Advanced Surgical Center, where he was not a patient.
«This story is another example of a false narrative peddled by irresponsible members of the media in furtherance of a political agenda to delegitimize federal agents. The illegal alien arrested inside the medical center was not a patient and was not in any way affiliated with that location. He ran inside for cover and these medical workers attempted to block his apprehension by assaulting our agents,» U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California Bill Essayli told Fox News in a statement… READ MORE.
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INTERNACIONAL
Cómo funciona Aeneas, la inteligencia artificial que reconstruye inscripciones romanas perdidas en piedra

La arqueología suele evocar imágenes de excavaciones silenciosas y hallazgos cubiertos de polvo que solo unos pocos expertos pueden descifrar. Sin embargo, el avance de nuevas tecnologías está transformando este universo milenario, dando un giro inesperado a la forma en que reconstruimos nuestro pasado. La inteligencia artificial ya no es solo terreno de ingenieros y programadores: ahora se convierte en una aliada esencial para quienes exploran los misterios del Imperio Romano.
Descubrir una losa antigua, grabada con palabras casi desvanecidas por el tiempo, y que una máquina revele en segundos un mensaje que permaneció oculto durante siglos, que hasta hace poco parecía ciencia ficción. Sin embargo, ahora es una realidad gracias a Aeneas, un software de inteligencia artificial que redefine la reconstrucción de inscripciones romanas.
Esta herramienta permite restaurar textos latinos fragmentados y aporta datos inéditos sobre su origen y datación. El desarrollo, realizado por un equipo internacional dirigido por Thea Sommerschield de la Universidad de Nottingham, junto a Google DeepMind, ya marca un hito en la aplicación de tecnologías emergentes al estudio del patrimonio histórico, según publicó The Art Newspaper.
Con este avance, el pasado cobra otra dimensión: las voces de quienes escribieron en piedra hace siglos vuelven a ser audibles, y detalles que parecían perdidos resurgen gracias a la inteligencia artificial. Así, la frontera entre historia y tecnología se borra, y se abre un universo de posibilidades para comprender cómo vivían, pensaban y se comunicaban los antiguos romanos.

Cada año, los arqueólogos encuentran aproximadamente 1.500 inscripciones latinas en edificios, artefactos y restos del mundo romano. Muchas llegan incompletas, con daños por roturas o erosión, lo que dificulta la tarea de reconstruir su contenido y comprender su contexto original.
Tradicionalmente, estas restauraciones exigen un profundo conocimiento del latín y la comparación meticulosa con cientos de textos similares. Esta labor es lenta y compleja, porque supone analizar una vasta colección de ejemplos para inferir las palabras y frases perdidas.
“Estos textos suelen estar dañados y normalmente no sabemos dónde ni cuándo fueron escritos”, explicó Sommerschield, quien lo comparó con “resolver un gigantesco rompecabezas, solo que este tiene decenas de miles de piezas más de lo habitual y el 90% de ellas faltan, porque eso es todo lo que ha sobrevivido a lo largo de los siglos”.

Frente a este escenario, Aeneas es la primera herramienta de inteligencia artificial creada para contextualizar inscripciones antiguas. Su nombre rinde homenaje al héroe de la mitología grecorromana y el sistema se apoya en una base de datos de 176.861 inscripciones latinas, que abarcan desde el siglo VII a.C. hasta el siglo VIII d.C. recogidas desde la antigua Britania romana hasta Mesopotamia.
La tecnología de Aeneas puede predecir el texto perdido de una inscripción incluso cuando se desconoce la longitud de la sección faltante, sugerir el lugar probable de origen del texto, identificar inscripciones similares y establecer un rango aproximado para su creación, en ocasiones con una precisión de solo trece años. Estas capacidades, basadas en la comparación automática con la enorme base de datos del sistema, agilizan y mejoran el proceso de reconstrucción textual, posibilitando reconstrucciones más fundamentadas y rápidas.
Sommerschield, líder del proyecto, resaltó: “Aeneas ayuda a los historiadores a interpretar, atribuir y restaurar textos latinos fragmentarios”. La investigadora precisó que el objetivo no es reemplazar a los expertos, sino proporcionarles un respaldo tecnológico que optimice su labor, ampliando así el alcance de sus investigaciones y el análisis de documentos históricos.
Las primeras pruebas de Aeneas incluyeron inscripciones emblemáticas. Entre ellas, la Res Gestae Divi Augusti, grabada en el Templo de Roma y Augusto en Ankara, Turquía. Esta inscripción sigue siendo objeto de debate en cuanto a su datación exacta, por lo que ofrecía un escenario ideal para testar el sistema.

Aeneas asignó fechas a la Res Gestae que coincidieron con las estimaciones de los historiadores y con inscripciones comparables, demostrando así su capacidad para contextualizar textos de extrema complejidad.
En Mainz, Alemania, el sistema también fue probado con una inscripción de un altar votivo, estimando correctamente su fecha en torno al año 214 d.C., identificándola como propia de la provincia romana de Germania Superior y proponiendo lecturas para las partes dañadas del texto. Sommerschield calificó estos logros como “momentos asombrosos” para el grupo de investigación.
Estos resultados no solo validan la precisión de la herramienta, sino que permiten nuevas posibilidades para el estudio de inscripciones menos conocidas, o en peor estado de preservación. El desarrollo y las pruebas de Aeneas recibieron reconocimiento en la revista Nature, lo que subraya su relevancia científica y abre la puerta a aplicaciones más ambiciosas en museos y yacimientos arqueológicos.
Sommerschield enfatizó que la llegada de este avance no desplaza la labor tradicional de los historiadores, sino que representa una oportunidad para potenciarla. La investigadora imagina un futuro en el que la colaboración entre expertos y sistemas como Aeneas acelere la comprensión de textos antiguos y enriquezca la visión sobre el pasado romano.
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