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El inesperado poder de los sentidos para mejorar la memoria

El “efecto Proust”, llamado así en honor al escritor francés Marcel Proust, ilustra cómo una simple experiencia sensorial puede detonar recuerdos profundos y vívidos. Según investigaciones difundidas por National Geographic, la atención consciente a los estímulos del entorno no solo permite evocar escenas del pasado, sino que también fortalece la memoria a largo plazo.
La ciencia actual respalda la idea de que entrenar los sentidos —vista, oído, olfato, gusto y tacto— puede optimizar la forma en que el cerebro organiza, retiene y recupera la información.
La relación entre percepción sensorial y memoria se basa en la arquitectura cerebral. Al captar una imagen, un sonido o un aroma, se activa una red de señales electroquímicas en la corteza cerebral. Andrew Budson, profesor de neurología en la Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, explicó a National Geographic que estos impulsos llegan al hipocampo, donde se integran estímulos visuales, auditivos, olfativos, emocionales y cognitivos en una experiencia coherente.
La amígdala añade una capa emocional a esa información, y otras estructuras del hipocampo la etiquetan para su almacenamiento a largo plazo. “Una de las formas en que una memoria puede ser marcada como importante es si estuvo asociada a una sensación intensa, como un olor fuerte o una imagen hermosa”, señaló Budson.
Susanne Jaeggi, profesora de psicología en Northeastern University, destacó que las vivencias multisensoriales —las que involucran varios sentidos al mismo tiempo— facilitan el recuerdo posterior. Este tipo de experiencias generan un “engrama de memoria”, una huella cerebral que abarca múltiples zonas neuronales.
“Todos aprendemos mejor cuando tenemos una experiencia multisensorial, porque literalmente almacenamos esa memoria en múltiples áreas del cerebro”, afirmó Budson.

El llamado efecto Proust describe la evocación espontánea de recuerdos autobiográficos a partir de un estímulo sensorial. Como relató el autor francés, el sabor de una magdalena mojada en té lo transportó a su infancia.
National Geographic lo ejemplificó con escenas cotidianas: el sonido de una canción antigua o el aroma de lápices recién afilados pueden activar recuerdos escolares con gran nitidez.
Los expertos consultados coincidieron en que no es necesario depender del azar para activar esta capacidad. Al prestar atención activa a los sentidos en momentos relevantes, se favorece una codificación más sólida de la experiencia.
La visión es el sentido dominante en el procesamiento cerebral. Jonathan Schooler, profesor en la Universidad de California Santa Barbara, indicó que “somos muy orientados visualmente; es fácil evocar una imagen en la mente, pero difícil recordar un olor”. Budson apuntó que la visión involucra los lóbulos occipital, parietal y temporal, y ocupa una amplia porción del cerebro.
Un estudio de 2023, publicado en Current Biology, demostró que la memoria visual se basa en códigos neuronales que evolucionan, permitiendo aplicar experiencias pasadas a situaciones nuevas. Tomar nota visual de elementos cotidianos —como una lista de compras— mejora la retención, incluso si se pierde el soporte físico.
National Geographic aconseja ejercitar la observación: concentrarse en colores, formas y texturas de un entorno o una obra artística puede aumentar la precisión del recuerdo visual.

Aunque la memoria auditiva suele considerarse menos duradera que la visual, existen notables variaciones según el contexto. Una investigación publicada en Psychological Research (2021) halló que los músicos presentan ventajas al retener patrones sonoros complejos, como variaciones tonales o rítmicas.
Jaeggi indicó que el grado de interés personal afecta lo que se recuerda. Así, la música asociada a momentos emocionales tiene más posibilidades de permanecer en la memoria.
Entrenar el oído —por ejemplo, al identificar instrumentos individuales en una pieza musical— ayuda a mejorar la memoria de trabajo, la atención y la percepción auditiva, sobre todo en personas con pérdida leve de audición.

El olfato tiene una relación privilegiada con la memoria y las emociones. Rachel Herz, neurocientífica de la Brown University, señaló a National Geographic que “ningún otro sistema sensorial está tan vinculado al núcleo neural de la emoción, el aprendizaje y la memoria como el olfato”. La corteza olfativa se sitúa junto a la amígdala y el hipocampo, lo que facilita este vínculo.
Un estudio japonés de 2021 mostró que ciertos aromas —como el tatami, la flor de osmanthus o el incienso— desencadenaron recuerdos detallados en los participantes. Otra investigación, publicada en Memory, confirmó que las señales olfativas superan a las visuales al momento de recuperar escenas de la infancia.
Herz recomendó dedicar unos minutos diarios a oler objetos cotidianos y reflexionar sobre los recuerdos que evocan. Además, una revisión de 2023 concluyó que el entrenamiento olfativo contribuye a una mejor cognición y salud cerebral con el paso del tiempo.

La memoria gustativa permite evocar sabores específicos tras cierto tiempo. Las señales recogidas por las papilas gustativas se procesan en la corteza cerebral y se vinculan a respuestas emocionales a través de la amígdala.
Pamela Dalton, del Monell Chemical Senses Center, aclaró que gran parte de la percepción del sabor se debe al olfato. Aunque se dice que entre el 75% y el 95% del gusto proviene de este sentido, la cifra varía entre estudios. Lo que sí es claro es que el olfato es crucial para la degustación.
Una publicación en Nature (2022) reveló que adultos que practicaron ejercicios de evocación gustativa mejoraron su capacidad para identificar sabores básicos. Los expertos proponen probar distintos alimentos, enfocarse en sus matices y verbalizar la experiencia. Budson sugirió, como práctica, distinguir los componentes de un vino durante una cata.

La memoria táctil permite conservar información sobre la textura, forma o temperatura de los objetos. Budson explicó que estas sensaciones se procesan en los lóbulos parietales, muy cercanos a las áreas del movimiento, lo que facilita la integración entre acción y percepción. Esto permite, por ejemplo, manejar objetos sin necesidad de verlos.
Según National Geographic, el entrenamiento táctil —como manipular arroz, arcilla o agua— mejora la atención sostenida y la memoria de trabajo.
Tomar nota de las sensaciones físicas también contribuye a decisiones cotidianas, como elegir ropa más cómoda o materiales agradables al tacto.

Los especialistas consultados coinciden en que la clave para mejorar la memoria radica en la atención consciente a los sentidos. Schooler recomendó ejercicios de meditación que primero se centren en la respiración y luego incorporen la percepción visual, auditiva u olfativa.
Herz lo sintetizó así: “Cuanta más atención prestes a cualquier cosa —y la atención es multisensorial—, más se reforzará la información que estás codificando en tu cerebro”.
National Geographic sugiere que la memoria no es un proceso aislado, sino el resultado de una interacción constante entre sentidos, emociones y atención. Incorporar ejercicios sensoriales en la vida diaria puede ser una vía eficaz para preservar y potenciar la memoria a lo largo del tiempo.
memoria,sentidos,aromas,neurociencia,recuerdos
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Hunter Biden says father was on Ambien before disastrous debate, defends painting sales

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Former first son Hunter Biden disclosed his father was on an anti-insomnia prescription ahead of his disastrous 2024 debate that may have affected his command of the stage that evening.
Biden said former President Joe Biden had taken Ambien, a gamma-aminobutyric acid enhancer similar to benzodiazepines, to help him sleep better amid his grueling schedule and advanced age.
He criticized several members of former President Barack Obama’s inner circle for continually doubting his father, saying that the 2024 State of the Union was a make-or-break moment that the elder Biden «knock[ed] out of the park.»
The debate, he said, was the next test his father was given by Democratic elders to see if he should run for reelection.
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Joe Biden, left, Hunter Biden, right (Getty)
«I know exactly what happened in that debate. He flew around the world, basically, the mileage that he could have flown around the world, three times. He’s 81 years old. He’s tired as s—. They give him Ambien to be able to sleep,» he said.
«He gets up on the stage. And he looks like he’s a deer in the headlights. And it feeds into every f—ing story that anybody wants to tell,» Hunter went on, adding that CNN anchor Jake Tapper’s book relied on several anonymous sources for his related expose because in reality no one had spoken out against Joe.
«If this was a conspiracy… somehow the entirety of a White House in which you’re literally living on top of each other has kept their mouth shut about you now, like what? And what’s the conspiracy? Did Joe Biden get old? Yeah, he got old. He got old before our eyes. The people that came out against him were who — nobody — except Speaker Emerita Pelosi did not give a full-throated endorsement, which allowed everybody else to kind of go, ‘OK.’
«Who came out full-throated? Progressives. AOC, Bernie, the entire progressive wing, [Silicon Valley Congressman] Ro Khanna. The entirety of the progressive side of the Democratic Party said Joe Biden has got more of our agenda accomplished in four years than any president in history. The largest investment into climate change in history, just that alone. And so he gets over the hump. He goes and does Stephanopoulos, and everybody said that’s not enough…»
Earlier in the interview, with Delaware Valley podcaster Andrew Callaghan, Hunter savaged Obama’s inner circle, mocking the hosts of «Pod Save America» — made up of his then-youthful close aides — as «Saviors of the Democratic Party.»
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«[They’re] White millionaires that are dining out on their association with Barack Obama from 16 years ago living in Beverly f—ing Hills telling the rest of the world what Black voters in South Carolina really want or what the waitress living outside of Green Bay, Wisconsin [want].
«I hear Rahm Emanuel’s going to run for president,» he added incredulously. «I think David Axelrod is going to run his campaign for him… there’s a f—ing answer; geniuses all.»
Hunter also disputed claims his father had been the unanimous choice of Democrats in 2020.
«Bull—-. We lost Iowa. We lost New Hampshire. We came in second in Nevada. David Plouffe and David Axelrod went on TV. They said that there’s no way Joe Biden can get the nomination, not a chance in the world. Mike Bloomberg’s gonna crush him in California. Elizabeth Warren’s gonna beat him in Massachusetts… A lot of rural voters said, ‘F— you, we love Joe.’ A lot urban voters said, ‘F— you. We love Joe.’ And they voted for him overwhelmingly,» he said.
He later defended himself against allegations about his decision to market paintings, saying they were a pastime that «saved him» from his vices.
«They accused me of crimes for painting. Not that I couldn’t sell my paintings, but that it was a clear conspiracy to launder money and to curry influence by selling acrylic on canvas — through this abstract painting by Hunter Biden,» he said.
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«All of a sudden, the Iranians are going to change their nuclear weapons program. It’s such f—ing insane bull—-. Meanwhile, these mother f—ers are selling gold telephones and sneakers and $2 billion investments in golf courses and selling tickets to the White House for investment into their memecoin.
«If you believe the worst possible thing that they’ve ever said about me [in terms of influence peddling] — what they are openly doing, they’re openly doing. And nobody’s batting an eye. Don Jr. is opening a club called the Executive Club in Georgetown in which it is promised that you will be able to rub shoulders at the cost of a $500,000 initiation fee with… people and decisionmakers in the cabinet of his father.»
Fox News Digital reached out to the White House for comment, as well as a representative for former President Joe Biden in regard to the Ambien revelation.
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«Derrúmbela», le dijeron, pero él siguió construyendo
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Federal judge blocks Trump administration from defunding some Planned Parenthood facilities

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A judge on Monday temporarily blocked the Trump administration from stripping some Medicaid funds from Planned Parenthood after Congress and President Donald Trump agreed to partially defund the nonprofit through passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act.
Judge Indira Talwani of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts said in her order partially granting a preliminary injunction that the bill unconstitutionally punishes Planned Parenthood member organizations that do not provide abortions.
The injunction will risk «at most minimal harm—financial or otherwise» to the Trump administration while the lawsuit proceeds, Talwani, an Obama appointee, wrote.
The judge’s order appears to apply to some but not all Planned Parenthood facilities. The nonprofit said in a statement that it viewed Talwani’s order as a partial win and remained «hopeful» that the judge would take further judicial action down the line.
«This isn’t over,» the organization said. «While we’re grateful that the court recognized the harm caused by this law, we’re disappointed that not all members were granted the necessary relief today.»
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Pro-life demonstrators gather in front of the Supreme Court building as the Court hears oral arguments over Medina vs Planned Parenthood in Washington D.C. (Kayla Bartkowski/Getty Images)
Talwani’s order arose from a lawsuit brought by Planned Parenthood, the nation’s largest abortion provider, over the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, a massive budget bill that passed Congress this month with no Democrat support. Trump signed the bill into law on July 4.
A provision in the bill stripped Medicaid funding from Planned Parenthood, which the nonprofit said could force it to close about 200 of its 600 facilities and deprive about half of its customers, more than one million people, of services that do not include abortion.
Planned Parenthood attorneys noted in court filings that Medicaid typically does not cover abortion.
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A Planned Parenthood sign (ANGELA WEISS/AFP via Getty Images)
The attorneys argued that the bill would cause cancer and sexually transmitted infections to go undetected, especially for low-income people, and that more unplanned pregnancies would occur because of a lack of contraception access. They said the consequences of losing Medicaid funding «will be grave.»
Department of Justice (DOJ) attorneys had previously argued in court filings that the purpose of the budget provision was to stop «federal subsidies for Big Abortion» by freezing federal funds for certain Medicaid recipients who provide abortions. Weakening Planned Parenthood has been one of the pro-life movement’s leading priorities since the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade.
Talwani granted a temporary restraining order two weeks ago in favor of Planned Parenthood. The judge initially offered no explanation for her decision, a move that led to widespread backlash among Republicans who described it as judicial overreach. Days later, Talwani offered more context in a subsequent order.
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Anti-abortion activists march across the National Mall near the U.S. Capitol during the 50th annual March for Life rally on January 20, 2023 in Washington, DC. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)
The preliminary injunction will partially leave in place the pause on defunding Planned Parenthood indefinitely, but the Trump administration is likely to appeal the order to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
The judge noted that her injunction applied to Planned Parenthood entities that do not provide abortion services or receive less than $800,000 in annual Medicaid reimbursements.
DOJ attorneys had previously argued to the court that blocking a measure that was passed by Congress and signed by the president was an extraordinary move and unjustified.
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«Beyond the futility of the claims on the merits, Planned Parenthood fails to demonstrate imminent irreparable harm to justify an injunction, asserting only classically reparable economic injury and irrelevant potential harm to patients, who are third parties not before this Court,» DOJ attorneys wrote.
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