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Pope Francis dead at 88, Vatican says
Pope Francis, Bishop of Rome and Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church, who worked to instill progressive influences on the global church while maintaining unity with conservatives amid years of turmoil, died Monday morning, Vatican camerlengo Cardinal Kevin Farrell announced.
He was 88 years old.
«Dearest brothers and sisters, with deep sorrow I must announce the death of our Holy Father Francis. At 7:35 this morning, the Bishop of Rome, Francis, returned to the house of the Father. His entire life was dedicated to the service of the Lord and His Church,» Farrell announced.
«He taught us to live the values of the Gospel with fidelity, courage and universal love, especially in favor of the poorest and most marginalized. With immense gratitude for his example as a true disciple of the Lord Jesus, we commend the soul of Pope Francis to the infinite merciful love of the One and Triune God.»
U.S. Vice President JD Vance had just met with the pope on Sunday.
«I just learned of the passing of Pope Francis. My heart goes out to the millions of Christians all over the world who loved him. I was happy to see him yesterday, though he was obviously very ill. But I’ll always remember him for the below homily he gave in the very early days of COVID. It was really quite beautiful. May God rest his soul,» Vance said early Monday morning in a post on X.
Pope Francis meets with U.S. Vice President JD Vance and his delegation during an audience at Casa Santa Marta on April 20, 2025, in Vatican City, Vatican. (Vatican Media via Vatican Pool/Getty Images)
The pope preached frequently on the Catholic virtues of mercy, kindness and humility. He did not shy away from controversy, and American presidents, including Donald Trump and Joe Biden, were not immune from his views.
Less than a month into President Donald Trump’s presidency, the pontiff criticized the Republican’s plans for the mass deportations of migrants, stressing that the forceful removal of people simply for their immigration status deprives them of their inherent dignity and «will end badly.»
In a strongly worded letter to U.S. Catholic Bishops, the pope appeared to counter remarks made by Vice President JD Vance — who had recently converted to Catholicism — after he suggested Americans should care for family, communities and the country before caring about others.
«Christian love is not a concentric expansion of interests that little by little extend to other persons and groups,» the pontiff wrote. «Worrying about personal, community or national identity, apart from these considerations.»
POPE FRANCIS EXPOSES CONFIDENTIAL DETAILS ABOUT HIS ELECTION AND RELATIONSHIPS IN LENGTHY INTERVIEW
Pope Francis meets with bishops, priests, deacons, consecrated persons, seminarians and pastoral workers in Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, on Sept. 15, 2022. (Reuters/Pavel Mikheyev)
Pope Francis in 2015 became the first pontiff to ever address a Joint Meeting of Congress where he spoke on a range of topics including immigration, family, the death penalty, climate change, extremism, religious freedom and the refugee crisis.
He joined American bishops and urged American leaders to abolish capital punishment and said Congress has a «role to play» in addressing global warming.
In 2022 he questioned then President Biden’s conscience on abortion in an interview during which he described the commander-in-chief’s religious identity and views on abortion as incoherent. «A month after conception, the DNA of the fetus is already there and the organs are aligned. There is human life,» the pontiff said in the interview with Spanish-language outlet Univision.
He also weighed in on candidates Trump and Harris during the election campaign, where he bashed them both, saying, «Both are against life, be it the one who kicks out migrants, or be it the one who kills babies,″ he said, according to the Associated Press.
Just weeks before President Trump’s second inauguration, he appointed Cardinal Robert McElroy to be the Archbishop of Washington. McElroy had been critical of Trump’s immigration policies during his first term as president.
Born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in 1936 to Italian immigrant parents in Argentina, Francis made history as the first pope from the Americas — as well as the first Jesuit to hold the office.
He was elected pope in 2013 after the almost unprecedented retirement of his predecessor, Pope Benedict XVI.
Bergolio’s father, Mario, was an accountant for the railway industry, and his mother, Regina, was a homemaker and caregiver for her five children.
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Pope Francis, born as Jorge Mario Bergoglio, is shown here with his family. From left to right, standing, brother Alberto Horacio, Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Oscar Adrian and sister Marta Regina, sitting, sister Maria Elena, mother Regina and father Mario Jose Francisco. (API/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)
Throughout his early years, the future pope worked a number of menial jobs. He labored briefly in the stocking factory where his father was an accountant before moving on to other opportunities, including jobs as a bar bouncer and janitor.
He eventually sought a career as a chemical technician, receiving a diploma in chemistry from the secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial N° 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen. He also worked briefly in a food laboratory. However, his career in chemistry was short-lived.
He entered the priesthood at the Diocesan Seminary of Villa Devoto in Argentina. Francis was ordained a priest in 1969 and made his final profession with the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, in 1973. The same year, he was appointed as a provincial for the order.
His appointment as provincial was concurrent with the Dirty War, a period of intense state-led persecution of left-wing leaders and political dissidents. Bergolio experienced constant threats to his own safety as he worked to hide or aid in the escape of government targets, including many Catholic faithful.
Pope Francis’ is a fan of Argentina’s San Lorenzo Futbol Club. (API/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)
During that time, two Jesuit priests under his supervision were disappeared by the government, drugged and left barely alive in a field five months after their kidnapping. Pope Francis has said he was forced to negotiate with the regime for their release.
Bergolio would spend the next two decades bouncing from position to position at the direction of his superiors. He served as a professor of theology, seminary instructor, rector, doctoral student and parish priest.
In 1992, Pope John Paul II appointed Bergolio as titular Bishop of Auca and as an auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires. This was done at the request of Cardinal Antonio Quarracino, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, who consecrated him to the episcopacy.
Bergoglio proved vital to the nation’s Catholic community, and he was quickly raised to the dignity of Coadjutor Archbishop of Buenos Aires, serving alongside Quarracino and taking over the archdiocese entirely after his death the following year.
Bergoglio was given the crimson hat of a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.
In 2013, after the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, Bergoglio was elected to the papacy, selecting the pontifical name «Francis» after St. Francis of Assisi — a choice that set the tone for the rest of his papacy.
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Newly elected Pope Francis, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina appears on the balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica after being elected by the conclave of cardinals, at the Vatican on March 13, 2013. White smoke rose from the Sistine Chapel chimney, and the bells of St. Peter’s Basilica rang out, signaling at the time that the Roman Catholic cardinals had elected a pope to succeed Benedict XVI. (Tony Gentile/Reuters)
Pope Francis’s teachings as a priest, bishop, cardinal and pope were deeply influenced by his Jesuit vocation — viewing each person as a unique creation of God, with whom they can have a personal relationship. His ministry and leadership were committed to keeping doors open and making the church approachable to the public.
It was not only American politics that he had strong opinions of.
He faced criticism for specific remarks he made against Israel’s military operation in Gaza, calling the humanitarian situation in the Palestinian enclave «very serious and shameful.» During that same speech, he condemned the growth of antisemitism throughout the world, Reuters reported. He also called for an end to the war in Ukraine and expressed concerns over climate change.
In 2023, seemingly looking to strike a balance, he formally allowed Catholic priests to give same-sex couples a blessing, which was seen as being a radical shift in church policy, the Associated Press reported at the time.
Pope Francis is also remembered for living a life of intense simplicity, denying himself a lavish papal apartment in the Vatican upon his election, and opting instead for a two-room suite in the Domus Santa Marta, a residence built by Pope John Paul II.
Pope Francis celebrates the traditional rite of the washing of feet at the Casal del Marmo juvenile penitentiary on April 6, 2023, in Rome, Italy. On Holy Thursday, Pope Francis went to the outskirts of Rome to celebrate the Mass of the Lord’s Supper at the Casal del Marmo juvenile penitentiary, where he carried out the traditional rite of the washing of the feet of twelve of the young people there. (Vatican Media via Vatican Pool/Getty Images)
In contrast to his immediate predecessors, Pope Francis eschewed ornate robes or luxurious clothing. His outfit rarely consisted of more than a plain, white cassock tied with a papal fascia.
Pope Francis even dressed down his Ring of the Fisherman — a piece of gold jewelry worn by popes to signify their office — by having it made with silver and only wearing it for ceremonies.
Francis’s tenure continued the ongoing efforts to investigate decades of sexual abuse claims against priests across the world, including in the United States, with Francis vowing transparency in 2019.
«Transparency is now being implemented at the highest level,» said Archbishop Charles Scicluna, the Archbishop of Malta and Adjunct Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, after Francis gave legal authorities access to documents about sexual abuse cases and abolished the «pontifical secret» of the cases.
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Pope Francis meets President Donald Trump during his first term in the Private Library of the Apostolic Palace with his wife, Melania, his daughter, Ivanka Trump and her husband, Jared Kushner. (Vatican/Pool/Galazka/Archivio Grzegorz Galazka/Mondadori via Getty Images)
He continued Benedict’s work to root malicious clerics out of the Church hierarchy «with the wrath of God,» appointing task forces and establishing victim aid groups.
Pope Francis proved frustrating for a wide variety of conservatives, liberals, traditionalists and progressives.
His gentle — at times vague and confusing — language on key social issues, such as sexuality and divorce, frustrated conservatives hoping for a more aggressive champion of Catholic moral teaching.
In July 2017, a group of Catholic clergy and academics sent Pope Francis a «Filial Correction» document alleging seven serious theological mistakes made by the pontiff in public statements. The document’s assertions proved controversial within the Catholic Church and the document was never explicitly addressed.
Conversely, his refusal to back down from traditional church teachings on abortion, gay marriage, women’s ordination and priestly celibacy frustrated progressives hoping for a more modern church.
Echoing his time as a prelate in Argentina, Pope Francis was at times criticized from both sides of the aisle for his heavy hand enforcing Catholic unity on national and international levels.
Traditionalists voiced intense opposition to his apostolic letter «Traditionis custodes,» which restricted the celebration of the traditional Latin mass in an attempt to squash increasingly separatist conservative movements within the Church.
Pope Francis meets with then-President Joe Biden during an audience at the Apostolic Palace on Oct. 29, 2021 in Vatican City. (Vatican Media via Vatican Pool)
He similarly shut down discussion of many social issues that progressives have sought to reform.
In 2019, Pope Francis told a nun asking him to approve the ordination of women that «if the Lord didn’t want a sacramental ministry for women, it can’t go forward,» adding, «We are Catholics, but if anyone wants to found another church they are free [to do so].»
The hyper-progressive leadership of the Catholic Church in Germany was a target of his ire after the country’s clerical leaders attempted an upheaval of traditional teachings regarding gender and sexuality. The Vatican issued a series of letters, approved by Pope Francis, accusing the German church of risking separation from the Catholic Communion.
The conflict with German bishops encapsulated his papacy’s recurring themes of authority and unity, best exemplified in a passage from his «Letter to the Pilgrim People of God in Germany.»
POPE FRANCIS URGES CATHOLIC VOTERS TO ‘CHOOSE THE LESSER EVIL’ BETWEEN TRUMP AND HARRIS
Pope Francis delivers a speech during the Holy Mass with newly appointed Cardinals. (Stefano Costantino/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images)
In the letter, Pope Francis wrote, «The universal Church lives in and of the particular Churches, just as the particular Churches live and flourish in and from the universal Church. If they find themselves separated from the entire ecclesial body, they weaken, rot and die. Hence, the need always to ensure that communion with the whole body of the Church is alive and effective.»
Pope Francis visited dozens of countries, including the United States and Cuba in 2015, and went as far afield as Papua New Guinea, as well as visits to predominantly Muslim countries including Egypt, Morocco and Jordan.
Pope Francis struggled with health complications throughout his reign.
The pontiff dealt for many years with sciatica, a nerve condition that caused immense pain in his leg and at times hindered his ability to walk.
In 2021, Pope Francis was hospitalized for an intestinal surgery that removed 13 inches of his colon.
In March 2023, Francis was again taken to the hospital after experiencing intense chest pain and difficulty breathing. He was treated for a respiratory infection and released after antibiotic treatment.
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Pope Francis is welcomed as he arrives at the Apostolic Prefecture on Sept. 1, 2023 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. According to the Vatican, the trip was Pope Francis’s 43rd Apostolic Journey abroad and the 61st country he visited as Pope. (Vatican Media via Vatican Pool/Getty Images)
In June of the same year, the pope was brought back for another abdominal surgery to repair an incisional hernia. He was released after making a full recovery.
He took a fall at his residence and suffered a contusion on his right arm in January 2025.
In February, he was once again hospitalized after a bout of bronchitis.
Following Pope Francis’ death, the Vatican has entered a time of sede vacante — in English, «empty seat.»
The Associated Press, Reuters and Fox News’ Annie Butterworth contributed to this report.
La Guardia Costera de Estados Unidos está permitiendo que un petrolero ruso cargado de crudo llegue a Cuba, suministrando energía crucial al país isleño tras meses de bloqueo efectivo por parte del gobierno de Donald Trump, según un funcionario estadounidense informado sobre el tema.
El barco petrolero, que transporta unos 730.000 barriles y pertenece al gobierno ruso, se encontraba a pocos kilómetros de las aguas territoriales cubanas el domingo por la noche, según MarineTraffic, una empresa de datos marítimos. A su velocidad de 12 nudos, el petrolero podría llegar a su destino previsto en Matanzas, Cuba, el lunes por la noche.
La llegada del barco ruso podría cambiar el curso de una crisis que se acelera rápidamente en Cuba, dando a la isla al menos unas semanas de margen antes de que se agoten sus reservas de combustible, según analistas.
También aliviaría la presión sobre el gobierno cubano, que enfrenta un colapso económico inminente y una escalada de amenazas por parte de Washington, y demostraría que, al menos por ahora, la isla aún puede contar con su aliado histórico, Rusia.
El gobierno de Trump había estado aplicando lo que equivalía a un bloqueo petrolero en torno a Cuba desde enero, amenazando a los países que enviaban combustible a la isla y, en un caso, escoltando a un petrolero que se dirigía a Cuba para alejarlo.
Cuba atraviesa una profunda crisis por el bloqueo. (Foto: REUTERS/Norlys Perez/File Photo)
La Guardia Costera tiene dos patrulleros en la región que podrían haber intentado interceptar el petrolero ruso. Sin embargo, el gobierno de Trump no ordenó a esas embarcaciones intervenir, según un funcionario estadounidense informado sobre el asunto, quien habló de las operaciones bajo condición de anonimato. Hasta la tarde del domingo, salvo que recibiera órdenes en sentido contrario, la Guardia Costera planeaba permitir que el petrolero llegara a Cuba, dijo el funcionario.
No está claro por qué la Casa Blanca no dio órdenes para bloquear el petrolero ni si permitirá futuros envíos de petróleo ruso a la isla. La decisión evita una posible confrontación delicada con Rusia frente a las costas de Florida.
Cuando los periodistas le preguntaron sobre este artículo en el Air Force One el domingo por la noche, Trump lo confirmó. “No nos importa que alguien reciba un cargamento, porque necesitan… tienen que sobrevivir”, dijo. “Les dije, si un país quiere enviar petróleo a Cuba ahora mismo, no tengo ningún problema con ello. Sea Rusia o no”.
Pero le restó importancia al beneficio para Cuba. “No va a tener ningún impacto: Cuba está acabada”, dijo. “Tienen un mal régimen. Tienen unos dirigentes muy malos y corruptos. Y si reciben o no un barco de petróleo, no va a importar”.
La embajada rusa en México dijo en un comunicado que “la Federación de Rusia expresa plena solidaridad con Cuba, considera ilegítimas todas las restricciones impuestas en su contra, incluidas aquellas relacionadas con el suministro de recursos energéticos, y está dispuesta a brindarle toda la asistencia necesaria, incluida la de carácter material”.
Las autoridades cubanas no respondieron a una solicitud de comentarios. El bloqueo petrolero de Estados Unidos ha asfixiado a Cuba, provocando apagones diarios, una grave escasez de combustible, precios en alza y un deterioro de la atención médica. (Foto: REUTERS/Norlys Perez)
El bloqueo petrolero de Estados Unidos ha asfixiado a Cuba, provocando apagones diarios, una grave escasez de combustible, precios en alza y un deterioro de la atención médica. La política ha recibido críticas internacionales, incluso de las Naciones Unidas, que señalan que Estados Unidos está provocando una crisis humanitaria en Cuba. Al mismo tiempo, funcionarios de la Casa Blanca han estado amenazando públicamente al gobierno cubano, mientras en privado presionan para que destituya a su presidente, Miguel Díaz-Canel.
Trump dijo este mes que creía que tendrá “el honor de tomar Cuba” y dio a entender que podría atacar a la isla con fuerza militar tras la guerra de Irán. “Construí este gran ejército”, dijo el viernes en una conferencia sobre inversiones. “Dije: ‘Nunca tendrán que usarlo’. Pero a veces hay que usarlo. Y Cuba es la próxima, por cierto”.
El secretario de Estado, Marco Rubio, dijo el viernes que la Casa Blanca quiere nuevos líderes en Cuba. “La economía de Cuba tiene que cambiar, y su economía no puede cambiar a menos que cambie su sistema de gobierno”, dijo a los periodistas.
Funcionarios cubanos han endurecido su postura y afirman que el país está preparado para defenderse.
“Nuestras fuerzas armadas siempre están preparadas y, de hecho, se están preparando estos días ante la posibilidad de una agresión militar”, dijo el viceministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba, Carlos Fernández de Cossío, en el programa Meet the Press de NBC la semana pasada. “Seríamos ingenuos si, viendo lo que ocurre en todo el mundo, no lo hiciéramos. Pero esperamos de verdad que no ocurra”.
El petrolero que se aproxima a Cuba podría cambiar la dinámica de las tensiones entre los países. Cuba se estaba quedando rápidamente sin suministros de energía, dependiendo de la energía solar, de la producción local de petróleo y de pequeños envíos de combustible a empresas privadas cubanas para apuntalar una red energética que fallaba.
La crisis había provocado pequeñas protestas –algo inusual en la isla– y generaba dudas sobre la supervivencia del gobierno.
Pero el petróleo ruso aliviará esa crisis, al menos temporalmente. El petróleo puede refinarse en varios productos, como diésel, gasolina, combustible para aviones y fuelóleo, que se utiliza para alimentar muchas centrales eléctricas cubanas. Eso debería ayudar a estabilizar la red energética, reducir los apagones, mejorar el transporte y favorecer la producción agrícola, dijo Jorge Piñón, exejecutivo petrolero que estudia el sistema energético cubano en la Universidad de Texas.
“Les hace ganar tiempo”, dijo Piñón. “Pero la llegada de este petrolero no es una varita mágica que resuelva de repente todos sus problemas”.
Piñón señaló que el petróleo tardará unas tres semanas en refinarse y luego otra semana en distribuirse por el país.
El diésel, dijo, es el producto más crítico para Cuba, ya que alimenta camiones, tractores y muchas centrales eléctricas, y escasea desesperadamente en la isla. Parte de la ayuda humanitaria ha quedado atrapada en almacenes porque los camiones no tienen diésel para distribuirla; las granjas se han paralizado por falta de combustible y algunas plantas eléctricas han tenido que cerrar.
Leé también: Donald Trump lanzó una nueva amenaza a Irán en busca de acelerar un acuerdo para poner fin a la guerra en Medio Oriente
Cuba ha logrado mantener la electricidad –aunque de forma irregular– porque el 40 por ciento de su red depende de plantas que funcionan con petróleo producido localmente. También ha acelerado la instalación de paneles solares para apuntalar la red eléctrica. Pero Piñón señaló que otro 40 por ciento de la red depende de plantas más pequeñas que utilizan diésel.
Estimó que Cuba podría agotar el petróleo ruso en menos de un mes. Pero espera que el gobierno reserve parte del suministro de energía para sus reservas estratégicas y sus fuerzas de seguridad.
“Esto va a proporcionar diésel a la policía, al ejército y, en general, a todo el aparato del Estado cubano”, dijo.
El petrolero ruso, llamado Anatoly Kolodkin, zarpó de Primorsk, Rusia, en el mar Báltico, el 9 de marzo. El gobierno estadounidense sancionó al buque y a su propietario, la naviera estatal rusa Sovcomflot, en 2024.
El Anatoly Kolodkin inicialmente indicó su destino como “Atlantis, EE.UU.”, posiblemente en broma. El domingo, su destino era Matanzas, Cuba, según MarineTraffic.
Carlos Alzugaray, exdiplomático cubano residente en La Habana, dijo que el gobierno de Trump impuso el bloqueo para asfixiar al gobierno cubano, pero que el proceso estaba tardando más de lo previsto incluso antes de la llegada del petróleo ruso.
“Trump y Rubio piensan que este gobierno colapsará por sí solo”, dijo. “Pero no es así como lo ve el gobierno cubano. El gobierno cubano está convencido de que puede sobrevivir”.
The New York Times, data-cc, data-cc-nyt
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This week, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear arguments in what could be one of the most significant cases of the 21st century: birthright citizenship.
Before the Court is whether the Trump executive order that ends birthright citizenship complies with the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment, after multiple judges blocked the order from taking effect as it was litigated.
In plain speak, the Court will look at whether someone born on U.S. soil automatically becomes a citizen irrespective of their parents’ status.
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Demonstrators holds up an anti-Trump sign outside the Supreme Court in Washington, DC, on June 27, 2025. (ALEX WROBLEWSKI/AFP via Getty Images)
Given that courts have routinely upheld birthright citizenship for over a century now, the Trump administration faces an uphill battle.
However, the current Court has not shied away from overturning high-profile decisions: think Dobbs overturning Roe (abortion), and Loper overturning Chevron (the administrative state). The mere fact the Court decided to take up this issue at all is very interesting. As always, the devil will be in the details in terms of how broadly, or narrowly, they decide the case – or if they find some way to punt it altogether.
How did we get here?
The Fourteenth Amendment, Section 1 of the Constitution states: «All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.»
SUPREME COURT PREPARES TO REVIEW TRUMP EXECUTIVE ORDER ON BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP
President Donald Trump walks to speak to reporters before boarding Air Force One at Palm Beach International Airport in West Palm Beach, Florida, on March 23, 2026. (SAUL LOEB / AFP via Getty Images)
Its history: The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 in response to 1) the end of the Civil War and 2) the 1857 Dred Scott decision, which concluded that enslaved people (and their children) were not American citizens and thus had no rights and couldn’t sue in federal court, among other things. Notably, Michigan Senator Jacob Howard wrote the «subject to the jurisdiction thereof» clause and said in speeches at the time that the clause did not include «persons born in the United States who are foreigners, aliens, who belong to families of ambassadors or foreign ministers.»
Why this matters: In the upcoming arguments, expect a lot of discussion about what «subject to the jurisdiction thereof» means, especially because the subsequent Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 mirrors the language of the 14th Amendment – that a citizen is someone who is born in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof.
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People demonstrate outside the Supreme Court of the United States on May 15, 2025 in Washington, D.C. (Matt McClain/The Washington Post via Getty Images)
Wong Kim Ark: The 1898 U.S. Supreme Court decision that gave us birthright citizenship as we know it today. The case involved the U.S.-born adult child of Chinese nationals – who had been permanently domiciled in the U.S. – who was denied reentry into the U.S. after returning from a trip to China. At the time, it was generally difficult for Chinese nationals to become citizens.
In its decision, the Supreme Court held that children born on U.S. soil are automatically granted citizenship with very few exceptions, such as children of diplomats. It interpreted the «subject to the jurisdiction thereof» to mean subject to the laws of the U.S.
The Court reasoned that citizens and non-citizens alike are subject to the laws of the nation they are in. The Court emphasized that Ark’s parents were «permanently domiciled» in the U.S. This decision was controversial at the time because it ignored previous Supreme Court language that had found children born to alien parents were not citizens. However, in Wong Kim Ark, the Court dismissed that argument in its opinion, finding that previous language was mere «dicta,» i.e., language that was not necessary to those decisions, and thus, did not create binding precedent.
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The bottom line: This is the blockbuster case of this Supreme Court term. A decision is expected late June.
supreme court, politics, supreme court oral arguments, immigration, donald trump, constitution
Más que estética, una herramienta de soberanía. Una exposición en París bucea en cómo la moda africana del siglo XX se convirtió en un “gesto político” emancipador para un continente que, tras la colonización, utilizó el textil para tejer su nueva identidad frente a Occidente.
El recorrido de Africa Fashion, que se inaugura mañana, martes, y estará presente hasta el 12 de julio en el museo Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac de París, abarca no solo vibrantes estampados del África austral o delicadas túnicas de seda del Magreb, sino que se adentra en la idiosincrasia de una cincuentena de naciones que empezaban a ser soberanas a mediados del siglo pasado.
“El uso de tejidos tradicionales se convierte en un acto político en ese momento de independencia”, explicó ante los medios la comisaria Christine Checinska, del Victoria and Albert Museum de Londres, institución que ideó la muestra y la llevó anteriormente a ciudades como Nueva York, Chicago, Melbourne y Montreal.
En pleno movimiento descolonizador iniciado tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Checinska contó cómo “el sello Made in Africa” sirvió para que las naciones del continente descubriesen “el verdadero poder económico de la moda”.
“Es también el momento en el que, en efecto, aparecen eslóganes políticos impresos en las telas, pero también cuando se construyen fábricas” textiles, agregó la comisaria.
Solo en 1960, 17 países africanos declararon su independencia y naciones como Ghana y Senegal contaron con presidentes —en la persona de Kwame Nkrumah y Leopold Sédar Senghor, respectivamente— que estimaban que el arte y la cultura podían ser motores importantes para definir el rol de África en la escena internacional.
Considerado un continente con una rica historia textil, desde el bogolanfini en Malí (tela de algodón teñida de un barro especial con más de 800 años de antigüedad), pasando por el Kuba (un irregular tejido hecho a partir de la fibra de una palmera en lo que es hoy la República Democrática del Congo), los talentos africanos de la moda florecieron a partir de los años 1960.
Dos figuras de ese renacimiento fueron la marroquí Naïma Bennis (1940-2008), quien aligeró el caftán tradicional eliminando capas pesadas y creando prendas fluidas, con sedas y muselinas; y el ghanés Kofi Ansah (1951-2014), quien reinventó el llamativo tejido kente con patrones contemporáneos que pudieran usarse en trajes de noche y chaquetas.
Destacaron también el maliense Chris Seydou (1949-1994) —que dio una segunda vida al bogolanfini cortándolo en minifaldas, chaquetas de aviador y sombreros de copa— o la nigeriana Shade Thomas-Fahm (1933), cuyo gran acto político fue el de transformar el traje tradicional femenino yoruba añadiéndole cremalleras, pinzas y botones.
También hay espacio en la muestra de París para la fotografía del camerunés Samuel Fosso (1962), quien, en su serie African Spirits, se retrata a sí mismo evocando a figuras emblemáticas del movimiento negro como los estadounidenses Malcolm X y Angela Davis.
Eclosión del arte africano en Europa y un pintor ghanés
Junto a Africa Fashion, otras dos exposiciones relacionadas con el continente se inauguran mañana en el Quai Branly: 1913-1923: El espíritu del tiempo y Kwame Akoto.
La primera, que parte de la fecha de 1913 por ser el año en el que se organizó una importante muestra sobre arte extraeuropeo en París, bucea en la emergencia del arte africano y de Oceanía como fuente de inspiración de artistas del Viejo Continente —Pablo Picasso y Henri Matisse, entre otros—, en un momento en el que las teorías racistas y las ideas preconcebidas sobre lo africano estaban en boga.
La segunda descubre al pintor Kwame Akoto (1950), alias “Almighty God” (Dios Todopoderoso). La exposición se adentra en su peculiar carrera, desde sus comienzos como pintor de carteles y rótulos comerciales en la ciudad ghanesa de Kumasi.
En la muestra, su estilo figurativo, casi ingenuo, está dotado de una técnica de retrato asombrosa, como cuando plasma a Barack Obama en 2009, nada más asumir como presidente de Estados Unidos.
Fuente: EFE
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