Desde hace siglos, la comprensión de la fricción se ha basado en principios clásicos formulados a partir de experimentos con materiales en contacto directo. El núcleo de este enfoque tradicional se encuentra en la llamada ley de Amontons, desarrollada en el siglo XVII, que sostiene que la fuerza de fricción entre dos superficies es proporcional a la fuerza normal que las mantiene unidas, pero independiente del área de contacto y de la velocidad relativa.

Posteriormente, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb perfeccionó y popularizó esta ley, proporcionando a la física un marco sencillo para analizar el roce entre objetos sólidos.

Durante décadas, la ciencia y la ingeniería aplicaron este modelo, que considera la fricción como un fenómeno mecánico derivado del contacto real entre las irregularidades microscópicas de los materiales. Según esta explicación, por muy lisos que parezcan dos cuerpos, siempre existen asperezas que, al deslizarse, generan la resistencia propia de la fricción.

En este modelo, la transferencia de energía ocurre únicamente con contacto físico, lo que conlleva el desgaste progresivo de los materiales. No obstante, nuevos experimentos y estudios recientes, como el publicado en la revista científica Nature Materials, empiezan a cuestionar estos conceptos, abriendo el debate sobre la existencia de fenómenos de fricción más allá del modelo clásico.

En el campo de la física de materiales, se han presentado descubrimientos que muestran que dos materiales pueden experimentar fricción incluso sin contacto físico directo entre sus superficies. Investigadores realizaron experimentos utilizando capas de imanes, una fija y otra móvil, que interactuaban únicamente por sus campos magnéticos.

El estudio publicado en la revista científica Nature Materials detalló que, cuando se acercaban estas capas a una distancia mínima, aparecía una fuerza de fricción medible, a pesar de que los materiales nunca llegaban a tocarse.

Se denomina a este fenómeno fricción magnética sin contacto, lo que desafía la visión tradicional del concepto, ya que demuestra que la resistencia al movimiento puede generarse únicamente por la interacción de campos magnéticos y no por el roce directo de las superficies.

Los investigadores observaron que la fricción puede surgir a partir de la dinámica colectiva de los momentos magnéticos, incluso cuando no hay contacto físico. Este resultado fue replicado en laboratorio y publicado en una de las revistas científicas más prestigiosas, lo que obliga a reconsiderar las bases de la ley de Amontons y promueve nuevas líneas de investigación en la física de materiales.

A nivel microscópico, la fricción se ha interpretado históricamente como resultado de la interacción entre las irregularidades de las superficies. Sin embargo, los nuevos experimentos introducen como factor decisivo la estructura interna y la dinámica de los materiales, sobre todo en sistemas magnéticos.

De acuerdo con el estudio de Nature Materials y la información de la revista de divulgación Muy Interesante, la fricción sin contacto físico aparece porque los imanes, al acercarse, reorganizan sus momentos magnéticos, lo que provoca una respuesta colectiva capaz de generar resistencia al movimiento.

Este fenómeno ya no depende solo de las asperezas, sino de cómo los dominios magnéticos interactúan a distancia. Así, se redefine el concepto de “contacto”, ya que implica interacción de campos y configuraciones internas y no necesariamente roce físico.

La investigación demostró que los mecanismos de fricción pueden involucrar fuerzas de origen no mecánico, que actúan incluso cuando los materiales están separados por pequeñas distancias, pero significativas en la escala microscópica.

El descubrimiento de la fricción sin contacto físico tiene implicaciones directas para la tecnología y la industria. Una fricción que no implique desgaste físico permite desarrollar mecanismos y dispositivos más duraderos, donde la transferencia de energía no esté asociada a la degradación de las superficies.

Según la revista de divulgación Muy Interesante, este principio podría aplicarse en la fabricación de motores, sistemas de levitación magnética y componentes electrónicos que busquen minimizar el desgaste y la necesidad de mantenimiento.

El mencionado estudio muestra que es factible diseñar interfaces capaces de transmitir fuerza y movimiento sin que exista el roce físico, lo que abre la puerta a una nueva generación de tecnologías basadas en la manipulación de campos magnéticos.

En los sistemas donde la fricción convencional genera calor y pérdida de material, la fricción sin contacto físico permitiría reducir el consumo energético y aumentar la vida útil de los equipos, hecho especialmente relevante para los sectores del transporte y la microelectrónica.

Los hallazgos sobre fricción sin contacto han movido a la comunidad científica a reconsiderar los conceptos fundamentales sobre el movimiento y la transferencia de energía.

Hasta el momento, la fricción se entendía como resultado del contacto directo y desgaste material, pero los experimentos recientes demuestran que la interacción magnética entre materiales puede generar resistencia al movimiento a través de nuevos mecanismos.

Esta perspectiva, respaldada tanto por el trabajo publicado en Nature como por la divulgación en Muy Interesante, muestra que el estudio de los materiales y sus interacciones internas puede develar fenómenos inesperados, con consecuencias teóricas y prácticas.

El avance representa un cambio de paradigma en la física, donde ya no se requiere el roce para explicar la aparición de fuerzas resistentes, ampliando el campo de estudio y el control sobre el movimiento y la energía en el mundo material.

Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese was chased out of the country’s largest mosque Friday as Muslims in attendance voiced anger over his stance on the Israeli war against Hamas. 

Albanese was called several names, including a «putrid dog» and a «genocide supporter» in reference to the deaths of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip after Hamas’ Oct. 7, 2023, attack in Israel, The Telegraph reported.  

Video footage showed the prime minister standing alongside Tony Burke, the home affairs minister, at the Lakemba Mosque in Sydney as the community marked Eid, the end of the holy month of Ramadan.

GRAHAM SAYS AUSTRALIAN PM PUT JEWS ‘AT RISK,’ CALLS WESTERN NATIONS ‘PATHETICALLY WEAK’ AFTER HANUKKAH ATTACK

«Why is he in here? Get him out of here!» some shouted. 

Albanese and his Left Labor government have drawn criticism for its support of a ceasefire in Gaza and Israel’s right to defend itself. 

During the commotion, Gamel Kheir, the mosque’s secretary, pleaded for calm. 

«Respect the place you’re in,» he said. «We must engage and have frank and open dialogue with our political leaders and not shy away and be reclusive.»

«You called him honorable. He’s responsible for the deaths of 1 million people, 1 million of our brothers and sisters,» one person reportedly shouted. 

AUSTRALIAN PM ALBANESE GETS BOOED DURING BONDI BEACH VIGIL HONORING HANUKKAH ATTACK VICTIMS

Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese was heckled out of a mosque in Sydney during a visit Friday. (AuBC via APTN)

Albanese was taken into an office inside the mosque by security before he was taken out of the building and into his motorcade. 

As he was leaving, cries of «shame on you» and the slur «Alba-tizi,» a derogatory Arabic play on his surname, referencing buttocks, were shouted. 

«He wants to come here after shaking hands with the president of Israel, who’s got blood on his hands,» said one person who confronted the prime minister. «To come here and act like nothing has happened is a disgrace.»

Albanese posted photos on X showing him smiling and shaking hands with attendees.

Attendees heckled Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese during a visit to a mosque Friday, March 20, 2026. (AuBC via APTN)

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«Overwhelmingly, the reception was incredibly positive,» he told reporters of his visit. «I walked through the crowd to the mosque, and not a single person heckled. There were a couple of hecklers inside. They were dealt with.

«Contrary to what’s been suggested, no one was rushed out,» he added. «We just sat there. … It was dealt with by the community themselves because overwhelmingly they did not want that to occur.»

House Majority Whip Tom Emmer says a string of recent terrorist attacks by naturalized citizens exposes serious flaws in U.S. immigration law, arguing it’s «more imperative now than ever» to pass the Stop Citizenship Abuse and Misrepresentation (SCAM) Act to allow the government to remove «America-hating terrorists» from the country.

First introduced by Emmer in January, the SCAM Act would expand the U.S. government’s ability to revoke citizenship from naturalized citizens convicted of being involved in terrorism, fraud or espionage. The Senate version of the bill was introduced by Sen. Eric Schmitt, R-Mo.

«This has to be dealt with,» Emmer, a Minnesota Republican, told Fox News Digital.

«If you’re going to take advantage of the generosity of Americans, or you are going to associate with known terrorist organizations or commit aggravated felonies or terrorist attacks, even attempted, it doesn’t matter; no more playing games,» said Emmer. «You should be denaturalized and shipped back to wherever the heck you came from.» 

HOUSE HOMELAND SECURITY REPUBLICAN URGES US MUSLIM LEADERSHIP TO ‘ISOLATE EXTREMISTS’ AFTER STRING OF ATTACKS

He lamented that under current law, «the standards to denaturalize someone are just too high,» but noted, «we have a solution to fix it.»

The bill, which on the House side currently sits in the House Judiciary Committee, allows prosecutors to use crimes committed after naturalization as evidence that an individual falsely claimed good moral character during the citizenship process, effectively arguing their citizenship was invalid from the start.

The SCAM Act already has nearly 50 House co-sponsors, according to Emmer. Once it is scheduled for a vote, he believes it will not have an issue passing and may even receive some bipartisan support from Democrats recognizing the gravity of the issue.

«It’s really simple,» he said. «The message is, terrorists do not belong on U.S. Soil, naturalized or not.» 

STRING OF ATTACKS CONNECTED TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS RAISES NATIONAL SECURITY QUESTIONS

Left to right from top: Ndiaga Diagne, Ayman Mohamad, Mohamed Bailor Jalloh, Emir Balat and Ibrahim Kayumi. Background: Temple Israel synagogue in Michigan, on Thursday, March 12, 2026. (Austin Police Department; Obtained by NYPost; Obtained by WTVR; Madison Swart/Reuters; WJBK)

At the start of March, Senegalese-born naturalized citizen Ndiaga Diagne was killed by police after allegedly killing three people and injuring more than a dozen in a shooting in Austin, police said. 

Not long after, Emir Balat and Ibrahim Kayumi, the children of naturalized citizens from Turkey and Afghanistan, allegedly pledged support to ISIS and attempted to bomb an anti-Islam demonstration outside the mayor’s mansion in New York City, according to police. They have been charged with attempting to provide material support to ISIS, attempting to use a weapon of mass destruction, and multiple explosives-related offenses including transporting, receiving and possessing destructive devices.

Then, on March 12, Ayman Mohamad Ghazali, a naturalized U.S. citizen originally from Lebanon, allegedly attempted to ram his vehicle into a Michigan synagogue filled with children and teachers, according to authorities. 

The same day at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, Mohamed Bailor Jalloh, a naturalized citizen from Sierra Leone, allegedly opened fire on a class of Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) students, killing Lt. Col. Brandon Shah, according to police. He also was killed at the scene. 

«Clearly something is broken in our immigration system,» said Emmer, adding that terrorists «keep getting into our country and they keep being allowed to stay here at the expense of Americans and American lives.»

«We can’t go on like this,» he went on, emphasizing, «It is more imperative now than ever that we get this thing done.»

EX-JIHADIST WARNS OF PREDATORY RECRUITMENT AFTER ISIS-INSPIRED BOMB PLOT IN NEW YORK CITY

Rep. Tom Emmer, R-MN., speaks during the Republican National Convention Tuesday, July 16, 2024, in Milwaukee.  (AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast)

Despite this, Emmer has faced some opposition in Minnesota for his hardline stance. 

Local outlet MPRNews reported a community activist leader in his district named Abdikadir Bashir, who is executive director of the nonprofit Center for African Immigrants and Refugees Organization, accusing Emmer of «trying to erase us politically.»

«The moment citizenship becomes conditional on whether a politician finds us convenient, none of us is safe,» Bashir said, according to the outlet. «Today, it might be the Somali Americans. Tomorrow, it could be another ethnic group.»

Though he declined to hazard a guess on a timeline of when the bill might be passed, he said that «as soon as possible would be my plea.»

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«We have an immigration system that is not requiring these people to actually declare their allegiance to the United States of America and their willingness to be Americans,» he said.

«We want anybody and everybody from anywhere who comes here to chase their American dream and become an American … we want you,» he concluded. «If you come here and you don’t intend to become an American, you intend to change America or destroy America, you need to get the heck out.»