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Argentina reveals secret WWII files on Hitler’s henchmen who fled before, after the war
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Multiple documents featuring some of the worst Nazi war criminals were released and declassified earlier this year by Argentine President Javier Milei. The more than 1,850 documents comprise thousands of pages detailing the South American country’s efforts to track and verify the whereabouts of thousands of Nazis who fled Europe after World War II.
The catalyst for the effort came from the Senate Judiciary Committee and Chairman Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, who was credited by the Simon Wiesenthal Center for his efforts in getting Milei to release the documents.
Most of the materials relate to investigations carried out between the late 1950s and the 1980s and were digitized and made available on the nation’s General Archive website, along with secret, declassified presidential decrees from 1957 to 2005.
The original batch of documents released online is divided into seven large files roughly centered around the main Nazi criminals covered in them. There are multiple documents related to Adolf Eichmann, the engineer of the «Final Solution,» the plan for the extermination of European Jewry. He lived under the name Ricardo Klement around Buenos Aires until being captured by Mossad agents on Argentine soil and taken in a secret operation to stand trial in Jerusalem in 1960.
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Adolf Eichmann, in a bulletproof cabin, puts on earphones to hear the reading of the act of accusation against him, Dec. 17, 1961. He was in charge of the extermination of Jews in Poland and then organized the deportation and extermination of Jews in 13 European countries. (Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
Eichmann’s case features prominently in the files and there is contradicting evidence that the leftist, populist government of Juan Perón not only knew Eichmann was in the country but also made efforts to protect him.
Multiple documents also exist detailing the lives of Josef Mengele, the «angel of death» doctor from Auschwitz-Birkenau camps who lived in Argentina and escaped to Paraguay and Brazil, where he died in 1979.
Documents detailing the hunt for Martin Bormann, Hitler’s lieutenant and right-hand man, as well as Croatian murderer, Ante Pavelic, deputy führer and defector Rudolf Hoess and the so-called «butcher of Lyon,» Klaus Barbie, received special attention in the files.
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Three SS officers socialize on the grounds of the SS retreat outside of Auschwitz, 1944. From left to right they are: Richard Baer (commandant of Auschwitz), Dr. Josef Mengele and Rudolf Hoess (the former Auschwitz commandant). Mengele escaped to Argentina, later escaping to Paraguay and Brazil. (Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
According to Harley Lippman, a member of the United States Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad and a board member of the European Jewish Association, the relevance of the release of the Argentinian documents cannot be understated.
«There are numerous questions that these documents can bring light to why a sophisticated society, far from the plagues of European antisemitism such as Argentina’s, agreed to hide Nazi criminals and their secrets for so long. What happened to the U-boats loaded with Nazi gold brought to the country and given to the authorities?» he asked.
«On the one hand, it is shameful that Argentina kept these documents a secret for so long, but on the other hand, we also need to acknowledge the enormous efforts being made by this government to make these documents public. While the historical significance is important, this is more important for Argentinians to be able to confront their demons as a society than for Jews,» Lippman said.
This 1950 Argentine federal police memo, marked strictly secret and confidential, seeks intelligence on Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz, suggesting that Argentine authorities were aware of his possible presence or activity in the region at that time. (General Archives of the Government of Argentina)
Adding to the large reveal, in May, while the Supreme Court of Argentina was undergoing renovations and transferring document collections to museums, a forgotten trove of 83 boxes of Nazi documents was discovered almost untouched in the basement of the institution. Upon inspection, the crates revealed documents intercepted by Argentine customs in 1941, sent from the German Third Reich Embassy in Tokyo, Japan, to Argentina’s capital, Buenos Aires, aboard the Japanese steamer Nan-a-Maru.
The documents had been sent as personal effects of embassy personnel but were intercepted under orders of the country’s minister for foreign affairs in order not to undermine Argentina’s neutral position in the war. The shipment became the subject of a probe by a commission investigating «anti-Argentine activities,» which led to the seizure and possession of the crates by the country’s supreme court, where they remained for nearly 84 years.
The finding of the boxes revealed multiple materials intended to propagate and consolidate the Third Reich’s and Hitler’s ideologies in Argentina and South America, possibly in an effort to bring neutral countries under the auspices of Germany.
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The document recounts an Argentine police report describing a German fugitive, Walter Flegel, believed by some to be Martin Bormann, Hitler’s former deputy, living under a false identity in Argentina. It was later proven that the lead was incorrect and that Flegal was not Borman. Earlier this year, Argentina President Javier Milei declassified and released over 1,850 documents detailing Argentina’s efforts to track and verify the whereabouts of thousands of Nazi war criminals. (General Archives of the Government of Argentina)
After opening the boxes along with prominent members of the country’s Jewish community, the court issued a statement saying that «given the historical relevance of the find and the potential crucial information it could contain to clarify events related to the Holocaust,» an exhaustive survey of all the material was ordered.
The contents of the crates have not yet been made public, but Milei’s office has said that once all the documents have been digitized, they will also be declassified and made available.
Argentina’s chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, Guillermo Francos, has previously said Milei gave the order «because there is no reason to continue withholding that information, and it is no longer in the interest of the Republic of Argentina to keep such secrets.»
«Jews after World War II lived a golden age of about 80 years where antisemitism had subsided, at least apparently, and they could be productive and contributing members of society. This has now ended — partially because of the genocide committed against Israelis by Hamas on Oct. 7, 2023, with world opinion projecting on Israelis and Jews the false role of perpetrators of genocide in the war in Gaza, but also by bringing back the same old antisemitic views that had been alive in Germany and before then,» Lippman says.
A police officer stands in front of a cache of Nazi artifacts discovered in 2017, during a press conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2019. Argentine authorities found the cache in a secret room behind a bookcase and had uncovered the collection in the course of a wider investigation into artwork of suspicious origin found at a gallery in Buenos Aires. (Natacha Pisarenko/AP Photo)
«The fact that many people under 30 do not know or understand [the meaning of] the Holocaust is part of the reason why antisemitism is on the rise again. «The Holocaust was the largest systematic industrial killing of humans in history. This happened only 80 years ago. Young people seem not to be able to grasp the scale of this, but these documents can bring back the memory of what the Holocaust really was,» he said, comparing the propaganda war currently faced by Israel and Jews under a progressive and projectionist guise.
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Beyond the lives of senior Nazis who escaped to South America on the so-called «ratlines»—possibly under the auspices of certain local governments—Lippman said the documents could also provide important information regarding the role played by Swiss and Argentine banks.
«The Holocaust was the greatest theft in history. Many Swiss banks [which were the depositaries of Jewish money] would not release funds to sometimes a sole survivor from a family who perished in the Holocaust without a death certificate for their loved ones. But Auschwitz did not issue death certificates — they only issued ashes.»
anti semitism,south america,world war two,israel,holocaust
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Pair of Democrat lawmakers slam ‘blockade of fuel’ to Cuba, ‘economic bombing’ after visit to island
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Reps. Pramila Jayapal, D-Wash., and Jonathan Jackson, D-Ill., said after a congressional delegation returned from Cuba that U.S. economic restrictions on the island represented an «illegal U.S. blockade of fuel» and «effectively an economic bombing of the infrastructure of the country.»
The lawmakers, following their five-day delegation to Cuba, spoke out against what they described as a humanitarian crisis on the island that they argue is linked to the U.S. embargo.
«The illegal U.S. blockade of fuel to Cuba—90 miles south of the United States—adds to the longest embargo in world history and is causing untold suffering to the Cuban people,» the lawmakers said in a statement on Sunday. «The United States prevented a single drop of oil from entering Cuba for over three months. This is cruel collective punishment—effectively an economic bombing of the infrastructure of the country—that has produced permanent damage. It must stop immediately.»
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Reps. Pramila Jayapal and Jonathan Jackson said after a delegation to Cuba that there was a humanitarian crisis on the island. (Nathan Posner/Anadolu via Getty Images)
«We witnessed firsthand premature babies in incubators, weighing just two pounds, who are at tremendous risk because their ventilators and incubators cannot function without electricity,» they continued. «Children cannot attend school because there is no fuel for them or their teachers to travel. Cancer patients cannot receive lifesaving treatments because of lack of medications. There is a water shortage because there is little electricity to pump water. Businesses have closed. Families cannot keep food refrigerated, and food production on the island has dropped to just 10 percent of the people’s needs.»
This comes as U.S. President Donald Trump has escalated his pressure campaign on Cuba in recent weeks, calling the island a «failed nation» and suggesting that «Cuba is next» following recent U.S. military actions in Venezuela and Iran.
The trip came after Jayapal and Rep. Gregory Meeks, D-N.Y., introduced legislation to block federal funds for military action against Cuba without congressional approval.
The two lawmakers spoke out against what they described as an «illegal U.S. blockade of fuel» and «effectively an economic bombing of the infrastructure of the country.» (Bill Clark/CQ-Roll Call, Inc via Getty Images)
Jayapal and Jackson said they spoke with families, religious leaders, entrepreneurs, civil society organizations, the Cuban government, Latin American and African ambassadors, humanitarian aid organizations and Cubans across the political spectrum, including dissidents.
«Across all sectors, there is agreement: this illegal blockade must end immediately. We do not believe that the majority of Americans would want this kind of cruelty and inhumanity to continue in our name,» the lawmakers said.
The pair added that the Cuban government «has sent many signals that this is a new moment for the country.»
«While we were there, President Diaz-Canel released over 2,000 prisoners. The Cuban government has begun to liberalize its economy with significant reforms, including allowing Cuban American entrepreneurs to invest in private businesses in Cuba. Entrepreneurship has grown substantially, with small- and medium-sized private businesses now comprising large parts of the economy,» the statement said.
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U.S. President Donald Trump has escalated his pressure campaign on Cuba in recent weeks. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon)
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«Significantly, the Cuban government has invited in the FBI to conduct an independent investigation of a lethal speedboat shooting,» it continued. «The remaining obstacles to progress in Cuba now rest with the United States changing our outdated, Cold War-era policy of coercive economic measures and military pressures against Cuba.»
Jayapal and Jackson went on to say that «true reform will only come from charting a new course.»
«The United States and Cuba must immediately enter into real negotiations that provide for the dignity and freedom of the Cuban people and the tremendous benefits to the American people that will accrue from a real collaboration between our two countries,» they concluded.
cuba, world, politics, donald trump, energy
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La increíble historia detrás de “El Principito” y cómo Antoine de Saint-Exupéry lo escribió en Nueva York
La historia detrás de una obra que reflejó el dolor de su autor y un tiempo convulso
A 83 años de su publicación, El Principito permanece como uno de los cinco libros más leídos del mundo. Concebido por Antoine de Saint-Exupéry durante su exilio en Nueva York en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la obra nació del intento del aviador y escritor francés por hallar alivio personal y distanciarse de la guerra y sus episodios de depresión. La profunda melancolía que embargaba a Saint-Exupéry en esos años —marcada por peleas políticas, crisis personales y la distancia de su esposa Consuelo Suncín, retenida por el conflicto en Europa— resultó el trasfondo emocional y existencial donde germinó la novela.
El deceso del autor, ocurrido tras despegar en una operación aliada el 31 de julio de 1944 en el sur de Francia, amplificó el aura mítica de su obra. La autenticidad de la desaparición de Saint-Exupéry fue confirmada solo en el año 2000, cuando el Estado francés reconoció restos de fuselaje hallados en el Mediterráneo y una pulsera con la inscripción “Consuelo”. La pieza manuscrita original de Le petit Prince, compuesta por 125 páginas mecanografiadas y numerosos borradores, fue entregada antes de esa partida a Sylvia Hamilton, periodista estadounidense con la que mantuvo una relación personal en el exilio, y años después vendida al Museo Biblioteca Morgan en Nueva York, donde permanece actualmente expuesta.
Durante la ocupación nazi de Francia, Saint-Exupéry residía en un departamento elevado del Central Park. Allí, a pesar de su éxito como autor de Tierra de hombres y Piloto de guerra —obras que vendían cientos de miles de ejemplares en Estados Unidos y se publicaban en los principales diarios internacionales—, el escritor vivió uno de los períodos más sombríos de su vida. Conflictos entre franceses exiliados, acusaciones de “traidor” por su desconfianza hacia Charles de Gaulle y la presión de su propia salud, deteriorada por accidentes aéreos previos, sumaron pesadumbre a su existencia.
En ese contexto, la sugerencia de Elizabeth Reynal, esposa de uno de sus editores norteamericanos y traductora ocasional, lo impulsó a canalizar su creatividad hacia un relato destinado a niños. Reynal, según narró en The New York Times el 31 de mayo de 1993 y recogido por biógrafos, notó que Saint-Exupéry dibujaba con frecuencia un niño de cabello rubio y bufanda larga en servilletas y papeles. Tras insistir en que abandonara por unas horas la obsesión por la guerra, el autor dio comienzo esa misma noche a la frase inicial: “Cuando yo tenía seis años una vez vi una lámina magnífica en un libro sobre el Bosque Virgen…”.
En apenas tres meses, Saint-Exupéry completó la narración central del aviador caído en el desierto frente a un pequeño príncipe proveniente de otro planeta. Pese a carecer de formación artística, el autor ilustró la primera edición con pintura en acuarela, seleccionando cuarenta viñetas originales. El escritor suizo Denis de Rougemont, testigo del proceso en los rascacielos de Manhattan, lo describió como “gigante calvo con los ojos redondos de un pájaro exótico… concentrado en aplicar pequeñas pinceladas pueriles”.
El libro, editado inicialmente en inglés como The Little Prince en abril de 1943, tuvo una primera tirada de 30.000 ejemplares; cifra que resultó cautelosa dada la expectativa de que el público estadounidense esperara “otras aventuras aéreas” del célebre piloto y cronista.
Antes de marcharse a Argelia para reincorporarse a la escuadrilla aliada 2/33 —pese a edad y lesiones que teóricamente lo inhabilitaban para volar—, Saint-Exupéry concluyó el prólogo de El Principito. Dedicó la obra a su amigo Léon Werth, justificando así la elección: “Esa persona mayor es el mejor amigo que tengo en el mundo… vive en Francia, donde tiene hambre y frío. Tiene verdadera necesidad de consuelo… Corrijo, pues mi dedicatoria: A Léon Werth, cuando era niño”.
Durante el último año de su vida, el autor luchó infructuosamente para retomar misiones de vuelo. Su prestigio le permitió, tras apelaciones incluso al comandante supremo Dwight Eisenhower, volver a pilotar el P3Lightning, con el que despegó por última vez desde la base aliada en Córcega. Mientras tanto, El Principito atravesaba un inicio editorial poco auspicioso, aunque en paralelo Saint-Exupéry continuaba trabajando en otro proyecto extensa y obsesivamente: el ensayo Ciudadela, publicado de forma póstuma.
La primera edición francesa de Le petit Prince apareció en 1947. Al español llegó en 1951. Desde entonces, la novela ha sido traducida a alrededor de 200 idiomas y dialectos, incluido el braille, y han surgido adaptaciones teatrales, cinematográficas, televisivas, coreográficas y operísticas. Las cifras de ventas acumuladas rondan los 200 millones de ejemplares, con al menos un millón de copias vendidas anualmente.
antoine saint exupéry
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