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Así es GoHam, la “hamburguesa” cósmica que revela vórtices y es clave para entender la creación de nuevos planetas
Uno de los discos protoplanetarios más grandes registrados hasta la fecha se reveló con notable nitidez mediante el radiotelescopio ALMA, según informó el Observatorio Nacional de Radioastronomía. Los datos del sistema conocido como Gómez’s Hamburger (GoHam) ofrecen una oportunidad excepcional para estudiar el origen de los planetas gigantes y la estructura vertical de gas y polvo en estos entornos.
La investigación, presentada en enero en la reunión anual de la American Astronomical Society y pendiente de publicación, evidenció el potencial de ALMA para mostrar las capas apiladas de gas y polvo que giran alrededor de una estrella joven. Al observar este disco casi de perfil, los astrónomos localizaron con precisión los granos de polvo de tamaño milimétrico y diferentes moléculas gaseosas en capas específicas, algo poco común en otros discos protoplanetarios.
En el sistema GoHam, los científicos identificaron varios gases entre sus componentes, como dos formas de monóxido de carbono y compuestos de azufre, incluido el monóxido de azufre. El gas más ligero, el monóxido de carbono 12, ocupa las capas más alejadas del plano central, mientras el monóxido de carbono 13 se sitúa en una franja inferior.
El monóxido de azufre se encuentra aún más cerca del plano central. La capa de polvo se presenta fina y concentrada en el eje; en contraste, el gas se extiende a considerable distancia hacia arriba y hacia abajo, lo que deja en evidencia la expansión vertical de la estructura gaseosa.
En cuanto a tamaño, el disco de GoHam sobresale dentro de su categoría: el monóxido de carbono 12 alcanza casi 1.000 unidades astronómicas de radio y la altura vertical suma varios centenares de unidades astronómicas.
Estos parámetros lo posicionan entre los lugares de mayor tamaño observados donde podría surgir la formación de planetas. La masa total de polvo, mucho mayor que la habitual en sistemas similares, confirma la capacidad de GoHam para generar planetas gigantes y la posibilidad de un futuro sistema con varios planetas, según el Observatorio Nacional de Radioastronomía.
A diferencia de otros sistemas, GoHam muestra un claro desequilibrio norte-sur en la emisión de polvo milimétrico: una de las caras del disco exhibe mayor brillo y extensión, fenómeno que probablemente se relacione con la presencia de un vórtice o una perturbación que acumula sólidos y favorece la formación planetaria. En la zona norte, los astrónomos detectaron una emisión tenue de monóxido de carbono en áreas alejadas, compatible con un viento provocado por la radiación estelar que dispersa gas hacia el espacio.
También observaron una estructura de arco de monóxido de azufre en uno de los extremos exteriores del disco, alineada con un conglomerado denso denominado “GoHam b”. Este objeto podría representar el núcleo de un planeta de gran masa y mostrar uno de los primeros momentos observables de formación de un cuerpo planetario en la parte externa del disco.
Charles Law, investigador principal del proyecto y NHFP Sagan Fellow en la Universidad de Virginia, destacó la importancia de estas observaciones: “GoHam nos ofrece una perspectiva excepcional de la estructura vertical y radial de un disco casi de perfil de gran tamaño”, afirmó, según declaraciones recogidas por el Observatorio Nacional de Radioastronomía. El investigador consideró este sistema un modelo de referencia para probar simulaciones y teorías sobre la evolución de discos y formación de planetas.
El papel de ALMA como instalación internacional fue fundamental en este hallazgo. Su ubicación en la zona andina de Chile y la colaboración de instituciones científicas de todo el mundo permitieron obtener datos de alta resolución, esenciales para comprender cómo nacen planetas gigantes en órbitas exteriores y cómo su presencia puede reorganizar el gas y el polvo circundante.
La excepcional combinación de tamaño del disco, asimetrías detectadas y signos de una nueva formación planetaria convierten a GoHam en un laboratorio ideal para descifrar el origen y la evolución de los planetas gigantes en las zonas más alejadas de sus sistemas.
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Israeli forces struck a meeting of Iran’s Supreme Council on Tuesday as officials gathered to choose a successor to the late Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, a senior Israeli official told Fox News.
«Israel struck while they were counting the votes for the appointment of the supreme leader,» the official said.
The strike came just south of Tehran as Iran continued targeting Israeli population centers, with Israel signaling that continued attacks on civilians would not be tolerated.
Israeli officials believe multiple Iranian officials responsible for counting the votes in the succession process were killed in the strike. The officials were not among the ruling clerics or top mullahs, but the attack marked a substantial escalation as Israel continued expanding its target set inside Iran.
Smoke rises over Tehran, Iran, on March 2, 2026, after explosions were reported in the city during the joint U.S.-Israel operation against Iran. (Contributor/Getty Images)
The strike underscored the depth of Israeli intelligence penetration inside Tehran and marked one of the most dramatic escalations yet in the joint U.S.-Israeli campaign aimed at dismantling Iran’s political and military leadership from the top down.
It came as Iran’s leadership structure appeared increasingly hollowed out.
More than 40 of Iran’s most senior leaders — including Khamenei — have been killed since the operation began, with 49 eliminated in the opening salvo of Operation Epic Fury early Saturday, fracturing the regime’s command structure and dealing a crippling blow to its military leadership and command-and-control networks.
Israeli analysts estimated that more than 1,000 enemy combatants have been killed inside Iran since the United States launched Operation Epic Fury and Israel launched its parallel campaign, Operation Roaring Lion, on Saturday. The estimate came from Israel’s latest battle damage assessment, according to a senior Israeli official.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu framed the conflict as part of a broader effort to neutralize Iran’s ballistic missile and nuclear ambitions.
KEY MILITARY SITES TARGETED INSIDE IRAN AS PART OF COORDINATED US-ISRAELI STRIKES
Pro-Iran protesters brandish weapons and signs depicting the late Iranian leader Ali Khamenei at a protest in Yemen. (Mohammed Hamoud/Getty Images)
«With these ballistic missiles, these weapons of mass death, these weapons, they bombed all these countries,» Netanyahu said. «And when they developed these ballistic missiles, they’ll try and eventually they’ll bomb you. This is what President Trump understood.»
Vice President JD Vance said the administration had set a clear, limited objective for the operation.
«There’s just no way that Donald Trump is going to allow this country to get into a multi-year conflict, with no clear end in sight and no clear objective,» Vance said. «He’s defined that objective as Iran cannot have a nuclear weapon and has to commit long-term to never trying to rebuild the nuclear capability.»
The joint U.S.-Israel assault entered its fourth day Tuesday, with no signs of slowing down.
A satellite image from Planet Labs shows a plume of smoke above Tehran, Iran, on March 1, 2026. (Planet Labs PBC)
President Donald Trump said the plan was ahead of schedule following the early elimination of Iran’s top leaders.
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The U.S. urged Americans to leave 14 countries across the Middle East as Iran’s counterattacks intensified. The State Department also closed two embassies in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
The Gulf Cooperation Council warned Iran it would take «all necessary measures,» including possible military action, in response to Tehran’s missile and drone attacks.
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A group of two dozen state attorneys general sued President Donald Trump Thursday in an effort to block his new 10% tariffs from taking force, a move that all but ensures Trump’s newly revived tariff regime will end up back before the federal courts for the second time in nearly as many years.
The lawsuit was filed Thursday in the Court of International Trade by attorneys general from 24 states, including New York, Oregon, California and Arizona.
The state attorneys general argued in the lawsuit that Trump lacks the authority to impose the 10% tariffs under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974.
They described the effort as an attempt to «sidestep» last month’s 6-3 Supreme Court ruling, which blocked Trump’s use of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to unilaterally impose his 10% global tariff announced last April.
A protester holds a sign as the U.S. Supreme Court hears arguments on President Trump’s tariffs Nov. 5, 2025. (Bill Clark/CQ-Roll Call, Inc via Getty Images)
Trump responded to the ruling by immediately invoking Section 122 to keep the 10% tariffs in place in the near term. He also said then that the administration is planning to increase the import duties from 10% to 15% for certain countries.
In the lawsuit, the state AGs said Trump «has made clear that he is going to impose worldwide tariffs by any means necessary» and argued that the effort is «an exercise of completely unrestrained executive power.»
«As with his unlawful use of IEEPA, the President has once again exercised tariff authority that he does not have — involving a statute that does not authorize the tariffs he has imposed — to upend the constitutional order and bring chaos to the global economy,» they added.
Next steps in the case are unclear, though the new lawsuit is likely to be met with fierce opposition from the White House and Justice Department.
Trump has continued to embrace tariffs as the signature economic policy of his second White House term. Trump, who previously billed himself the «Tariff Man,» has described the issue as «life or death» for the U.S. economy.
Last April, Trump declared a national trade emergency to invoke IEEPA, citing the law as a means to address trade imbalances, reduce deficits with key trading partners and boost domestic manufacturing and production.
FEDERAL JUDGE BLOCKS 5 TRUMP TARIFF EXECUTIVE ORDERS
President Donald Trump walks past Supreme Court justices during a State of the Union address at the U.S. Capitol. (Win McNamee/Getty Images)
Two federal courts — the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) and U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit — previously blocked Trump’s use of IEEPA to enact his tariffs, prompting the administration to kick the case to the Supreme Court last year for emergency relief. (The Manhattan-based Court of International Trade ruled last year that Trump, as commander in chief, does not have «unbounded authority» to impose tariffs under the emergency law.)
Lower courts had pressed the Justice Department to explain why Trump invoked IEEPA when other, more narrowly tailored statutes enacted by Congress more specifically address tariffs, including laws that cap tariffs at certain levels or set timeframes subject to congressional review.
Section 122 tariffs can remain in place for up to 150 days without congressional approval, and Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., vowed on the Senate floor last week that the Democratic caucus would not approve an extension of the broad import duties.
Legally, the administration could have its work cut out for it as well.
Some economists — as well as the state AGs — argue that there is a difference between a traditional balance of payment deficit and the trade deficit between the U.S. and other countries.
Traders work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange in New York City March 28. (Spencer Platt/Getty Images)
«Contrary to the Section 122 Proclamation, a trade deficit is not a balance of payments deficit,» the states argued in their lawsuit.
Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Michigan, told Fox News Digital in an interview last year that Trump’s focus on the trade «deficit» is in fact based on a common misconception.
«We have a dollar deficit, but we have a stuff surplus,» he said.
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«What that means is we sell China a small amount of stuff, and they sell us a large amount of stuff,» Wolfers explained. For every dollar bill that goes to China, the U.S. gets something for it that Americans want to buy, like T-shirts.
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donald trump,supreme court,economy,federal courts,us,national security
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