INTERNACIONAL
Cómo Coppola, Lucas y Spielberg cambiaron para siempre el cine de Hollywood

En la década de 1970, mientras el sistema de estudios de Hollywood se desmoronaba, tres jóvenes directores realizaron películas que cambiaron las reglas del juego. “El padrino” de Francis Ford Coppola, “Tiburón” de Steven Spielberg y “La guerra de las galaxias” de George Lucas rompieron sucesivamente récords de taquilla y parecían anunciar una nueva era del gran cine popular. Esto no era exactamente lo que Coppola y Lucas tenían en mente cuando fundaron la productora American Zoetrope en 1969, con la idea de realizar películas independientes tan audaces como los proyectos estudiantiles que habían hecho en UCLA y la Universidad del Sur de California. Pero cuando Coppola dudó en dirigir “El padrino” para Paramount, especialmente cuando Zoetrope atravesaba dificultades financieras, Lucas lo animó a hacerlo: “Luego podemos usar ese dinero y hacer nuestras propias películas”.
No resultó de esa manera. El excelente libro de Paul Fischer, “Los últimos reyes de Hollywood”, sigue las trayectorias de sus tres protagonistas (con apariciones destacadas de Martin Scorsese y Brian De Palma) desde finales de los años 60 hasta sus años de auge en los 70 y sus fortunas cambiantes en los 80; también esboza brevemente acontecimientos desde los 90 en adelante. Fischer sitúa anécdotas del set, familiares para los cinéfilos, dentro del contexto de un sistema de estudios renovado que poco a poco vuelve a imponer su control sobre los creativos indisciplinados.

No cabe duda de su punto de vista: acerca del gran éxito de “Tiburón” en el verano de 1975, sumado a la venta de un millón de ejemplares de la novela de terror “Carrie” de Stephen King (posteriormente llevada al cine por De Palma), comenta: “Ambos fueron logros tempranos del capitalismo de masas: frutos del afán de la América corporativa por dejar atrás el radicalismo y la división de los años 60, y concentrar a sus consumidores en una lucrativa y hegemónica monocultura”.
Afortunadamente, “Los últimos reyes de Hollywood” no es (solo) una diatriba anti-establishment. Fischer analiza astutamente los temperamentos individuales de su trío para considerar cómo influyeron en la evolución tanto de sus carreras como de la industria cinematográfica. La naturaleza impulsiva e improvisadora de Coppola alimentó la brillantez de “La conversación”. También provocó el caos durante el rodaje de “Apocalypse Now”, que sobrevivió a un tifón, al infarto del protagonista y a un gran consumo de drogas para convertirse en una obra casi maestra lastrada por la costumbre de Coppola de dejar los finales de sus películas al azar de la inspiración. Esa vez le salió bien, pero el espectacular fracaso de “Corazonada” en 1982 lo convirtió en la prueba A del argumento de los estudios de Hollywood de que los artistas descontrolados deben ser frenados.

“THX 1138”, la película experimental que hizo famoso a Lucas como director estudiantil, era una expresión de su temperamento controlador, más feliz en la sala de edición que en el set. No le gustaba escribir guiones ni dirigir; una vez que “La guerra de las galaxias” le permitió establecer sus propias condiciones, prefirió ejercer el control ideando el concepto de una película, contratando personas para llevarlo a cabo y quedándose con todos los derechos. Este ferviente crítico de los ejecutivos entrometidos de los estudios, según escribe Fischer, se transformó en “aquello que tantas veces había despreciado: el productor como autor”. Spielberg admiraba la osadía de Coppola, pero su temperamento se parecía más al de Lucas; compartían el gusto por los cómics, las series televisivas y las películas de aventuras, lo que hizo natural su colaboración como director y productor en las películas de Indiana Jones durante los años 80. Para entonces, Zoetrope era el proyecto personal de Coppola. Lucas tardó mucho tiempo en perdonarlo por arruinar un acuerdo con Columbia al negarse a ceder los derechos de Zoetrope sobre “Apocalypse”, que Lucas había desarrollado junto al guionista John Milius; en su lugar, Coppola reescribió el guion y la dirigió él mismo.
A medida que Fischer sigue estos distintos caminos en los años 80, las películas arriesgadas son sustituidas por entretenimientos que buscan agradar al público masivo. Pinta un retrato poco halagador de Lucas, mostrando que le importaba menos la calidad de las secuelas de Star Wars que la capacidad de estas para garantizarle independencia total mediante enormes ganancias. La visión de Fischer sobre Coppola es menos pesimista, pero igualmente crítica, describiéndolo como un hombre de enorme carisma y vulnerabilidad que también era errático y autocomplaciente, tanto profesional como personalmente. Spielberg, más cálido que Lucas y más disciplinado que Coppola, tenía auténticos gustos populares que le permitieron alternar filmes personales como “Encuentros cercanos del tercer tipo” con “Indiana Jones: En busca del arca perdida” y moverse cómodamente entre taquillazos y propuestas más arriesgadas.

Fischer rodea su odisea con ricos retratos de las personas que la compartieron y los lugares donde se reunían. La vibra contracultural de una casa tipo A-frame en Trancas Beach, en Malibú, un punto de encuentro del Nuevo Hollywood a principios de los 70, se percibe con especial viveza. Fischer sobresale en las descripciones breves, satirizando a Milius por “su masculinidad tosca, su desprecio por cualquier consecuencia de sus declaraciones y acciones” y caracterizando al guionista y director Paul Schrader como “tan abrasivo que un grupo de guionistas que compartían agente con él amenazaron, en cierta ocasión, con abandonar la agencia en masa solo para librarse de él”. Los perfiles de Eleanor, la esposa de Coppola, y de la guionista Melissa Mathison, a quienes la vida puso tantas pruebas, son más generosos y matizados, recordándonos que el Nuevo Hollywood mostró escaso interés en empoderar a las mujeres. Las complejidades de ese periodo se hacen patentes en el largo romance de Francis Coppola con Mathison, quien era la niñera adolescente de sus hijos cuando comenzó la relación. Fischer lo describe como genuinamente enamorado de ella, rehusándose a dejar a su esposa y poniendo a Mathison en camino hacia una exitosa carrera al animarla a escribir “El corcel negro” para Zoetrope.
No hay personas ni cuestiones simples en “Los últimos reyes de Hollywood”. Fischer teje un tapiz intrincado de películas icónicas y artistas notables sobre el fondo de una industria en medio de un cambio convulsivo. Claramente, cree que los ejecutivos ganaron la “batalla por el alma del cine estadounidense” mencionada en su subtítulo, y el paisaje cinematográfico actual hace difícil disentir. Razón de más para disfrutar la crónica inteligente y jugosa de Fischer sobre la época en la que un nuevo tipo de cine brilló con fuerza.
(The Washington Post)
Libro del día,Hollywood
INTERNACIONAL
Obama Center takes heat as critics cry foul over ID rules for free entry — while Dems blast voter ID laws

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The Obama Presidential Center is facing a wave of backlash ahead of its opening, with critics blasting its admission policies and raising broader concerns about the project’s cost and management.
Conservative commentators on social media are taking aim at the center’s requirement that Illinois residents show valid identification to receive free admission on certain days, arguing it contrasts with Democratic opposition to voter ID laws.
«They’re making you show ID… to visit the Obama Library… in Chicago. You can’t make this stuff up!» one social media user wrote.
«The Obama Presidential Library is making people show an ID for proof of Illinois residency to get in for free,» another posted. «So residents have to prove who they are for this, but not to vote?»
VALERIE JARRETT REVEALS THAT PRESIDENT TRUMP ISN’T INVITED TO OBAMA PRESIDENTIAL CENTER OPENING CEREMONY
The text of former President Obama’s speech marking the 50th anniversary of «Bloody Sunday» in Selma, Alabama, is wrapped around the side of the upcoming presidential center in Chicago. (E. Jason Wambsgans/Chicago Tribune/Tribune News Service)
Others echoed the sentiment more bluntly, with one account writing: «It turns out Democrats support requiring ID… but only for free admission into Obama’s library.»
Obama’s website clearly states that Illinois residents «must be able to provide proof of residency. Be prepared to show proof of residency at the Museum with a valid photo ID, Illinois driver’s license, state ID, or city-issued ID.»
Critics have also pointed to reported restrictions tied to early ticket giveaways, including claims that some promotions are limited to U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents.
The latest controversy builds on a string of prior criticisms surrounding the $850 million project.
OBAMA PRESIDENTIAL CENTER SLAMMED FOR PROMOTING ‘FAR-LEFT’ AGENDA ON PUBLIC LAND

Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker (L) joins former President Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama in a ceremonial groundbreaking at the Obama Presidential Center in Jackson Park on September 28, 2021, in Chicago. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)
Earlier this year, the Obama Foundation drew backlash after seeking 75 to 100 unpaid volunteers, dubbed «ambassadors,» to help operate the center, even as top executives collect substantial salaries. Federal filings show CEO Valerie Jarrett has earned roughly $740,000 annually in recent years, while overall compensation at the foundation has climbed significantly.
The project has also faced mounting scrutiny over its financial impact on taxpayers.
Former President Barack Obama once described the center as a «gift» to Chicago, emphasizing it would be privately funded. While construction of the 19.3-acre campus is being financed through private donations, the surrounding infrastructure needed to support the site, including road redesigns, utility relocations and drainage systems, is being paid for with public funds.
Early estimates put those infrastructure costs at roughly $350 million, split between the city and state. But more recent figures show Illinois alone has committed approximately $229 million, while Chicago has allocated more than $200 million in related improvements — though officials have not provided a clear, consolidated total of taxpayer spending tied to the project.
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Exterior view of the Obama Presidential Center tower under construction in Chicago. (Fox 32 Chicago)
«No single agency appears to oversee the full scope» of the infrastructure work, and critics say the lack of transparency has made it difficult to determine the true public cost.
Illinois Republican Party Chair Kathy Salvi criticized the project, saying taxpayers are being left «on the hook for hundreds of millions of dollars» while accusing state leaders of mismanagement.
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The controversy is further fueled by the nature of the site itself. The center sits on nearly 20 acres of historic Jackson Park land transferred under a long-term agreement, with significant roadway changes, including the removal of a major thoroughfare, and utility overhauls required to accommodate the campus.
Foundation officials have defended the project, saying the center is funded by $850 million in private investment and will serve as an economic catalyst for Chicago’s South Side, generating jobs, community programs and public amenities.
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Despite the backlash, the center is pressing ahead with its long-awaited debut.
Tickets for the museum will go on sale April 21 for «Founding Members,» with general public sales beginning May 6. Visitors can reserve timed-entry tickets for dates between June 19 and November 30.
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Admission is set at $30 for adults and $23 for children ages 3 to 11, with discounted rates available for Illinois residents who provide proof of residency. Children 2 and under can enter for free, and Illinois residents will be eligible for free admission on Tuesdays.
All entries will be timed, with officials urging guests to arrive within 10 minutes of their scheduled slot. The museum will feature four levels of exhibits, including a replica Oval Office and the Sky Room.
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Much of the surrounding campus, including gardens, walking trails, a playground, a Chicago Public Library branch and dozens of newly commissioned artworks, will be free and open to the public.
Fox News Digital reached out to the Obama Foundation and the Barack Obama Presidential Library for comment.
Fox News Digital’s Michael Dorgan contributed to this report.
infrastructure across america, museums exhibits, chicago, barack obama, illinois
INTERNACIONAL
La nueva guerra contra las drogas: cómo Internet se convirtió en libro de recetas para el narcotráfico

Una frontera sintética
El surgimiento de los nitazenos
«¿Por qué esperamos?”
El círculo se estrecha
Enfrentando el pasado
INTERNACIONAL
Arizona Republicans force probe of county’s anti-ICE policies, putting Democrat AG on the clock

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EXCLUSIVE: An Arizona border county considering multiple ordinances targeting ICE will be investigated after State Senate leaders forced the Democratic attorney general to conduct a review, the top Republican in Phoenix told Fox News Digital.
Officials in Pima County, which encompasses Tucson, have directed county authorities to deny immigration enforcement agents access to county property unless they have judicial warrants. Arizona Senate President Warren Petersen, R-Gilbert, told Fox News Digital that the chamber’s resolution, SB 1487, will start a 30-day clock for Mayes to respond and ultimately determine whether Pima County has violated state law or the U.S. Constitution.
Petersen, who was joined in the move by Senate President Pro-Tempore TJ Shope of Coolidge and Senate Majority Leader John Kavanagh of Fountain Hills, told Fox News Digital that Democrats in places like Pima are putting «radical political agendas ahead of public safety.»
«Instead of supporting law enforcement and protecting their citizens from crime, they’re creating barriers that make it harder to enforce the law and easier for criminals to stay in our communities,» he said.
STATE TOP COP MOVES TO CRUSH ALLEGED DHS RECORDS RESTRICTION AS COUNTY DENIES ICE-OUT
The Trump administration made securing the border and deportation criminal illegal aliens a priority in its first months of 2025. (Gregory Bull/Associated Press)
Depending on Mayes’ findings, the county may be required to change the policy, face a loss of state-shared revenue, or the case could be referred to the Arizona Supreme Court, Senate leadership told Fox News Digital.
«This is about making sure our laws are applied consistently across Arizona,» Shope said. «When one county decides to go rogue, it creates gaps that undermine enforcement statewide. Arizonans expect coordination between all levels of government, not policies that tie the hands of law enforcement.»
Kavanagh also faulted Mayes for taking a similarly confrontational tack with DHS and ICE, saying that she doesn’t get to ignore laws she disagrees with.
«Given her record and her public opposition to immigration enforcement, there is a serious question about whether she can review this case objectively. This is not a policy debate. The law is clear, and it must be applied,» Kavanagh said.
Mayes made waves in recent months with some of her rhetoric, including conjecture that ICE operations could run afoul of stand-your-ground laws, according to FOX’s Phoenix affiliate.
MONTANA GOVERNOR LAUNCHES SANCTUARY CRACKDOWN, PROBES CAPITAL CITY OVER ICE LIMITS
«I will not be deterred from speaking out or criticizing the Trump administration for its ongoing abuses of power and its trashing of our sacred Constitution,» Mayes said in response in January.
She also released a statement after the DHS-involved shooting deaths of agitators in Minnesota, saying that «right-wing media» has mischaracterized her previous comments, including those regarding the «danger to public safety» posed by ICE.
Asked about such criticisms on Monday by Fox News Digital, a Mayes spokesman said, «President Trump promised to go after drug cartels, but in reality, his administration is pulling federal agents off drug cases by the thousands to target immigrant workers.»
«Attorney General Mayes will continue to go after the actual threats to public safety: the drug traffickers flooding Arizona communities with fentanyl and other illicit drugs.»
When reached for comment on the criticisms, a Pima County official provided text of the resolution to Fox News Digital, which read in part:
«Recent arbitrary and unfocused civil immigration activities conducted by the Department of Homeland Security and ICE have trampled on civil and constitutional rights, recklessly endangered citizens and non-citizens alike, and culminated in the deaths of detainees and peaceful protesters.»
JONATHAN TURLEY: DEMOCRAT POLITICIANS ARE RISKING LIVES WITH RECKLESS ANTI-ICE RHETORIC
Pima County Supervisor Jennifer Allen followed up, telling Fox News Digital, «What is there to criticize? The county’s action is in response to the egregious and abusive behavior of federal immigration agents in Minneapolis, Los Angeles and elsewhere in the country over the past year.»
«Americans protesting this outrageous behavior were killed while peacefully exercising their First Amendment rights. Pima County has no interest in allowing property intended for the benefit of the people of Pima County to be used in support of such lawless actions by the federal government,» Allen said.
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She said that criticism, if any, should be directed at DHS and not at counties trying to prevent alleged abuses.
Allen added that any law enforcement with proper warrants can still access Pima property.
The county also passed a resolution seeking to prevent immigration enforcement agents from wearing face coverings, but details, including an enforcement mechanism, have yet to be ironed out, according to a county official.
homeland security, immigration, arizona, sanctuary cities, senate elections
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