INTERNACIONAL
Cómo la genética logró descifrar el origen y la expansión eslava en Europa Central y Oriental

El trabajo internacional liderado por la Sociedad Max Planck revela cómo la mezcla de poblaciones y la flexibilidad social transformaron la diversidad cultural y genética de Europa Central y Oriental. El origen y expansión de los eslavos, uno de los mayores enigmas de la historia europea, quedó esclarecido gracias a un estudio genético de alcance continental.
Analizando más de 550 genomas antiguos, los investigadores demostraron que la transformación de Europa Central y Oriental durante la Edad Media respondió a migraciones masivas y mestizaje, redefiniendo la composición genética y cultural de la región. El impacto de estos movimientos perdura en la actualidad.
El consorcio HistoGenes, con participación de expertos de Alemania, Austria, Polonia, Chequia y Croacia, publicó en Nature el primer análisis exhaustivo de ADN antiguo de poblaciones eslavas medievales.
Los resultados situaron el origen de los eslavos en una franja desde el sur de Bielorrusia hasta el centro de Ucrania, una localización coherente con las hipótesis previas de lingüística y arqueología.
Joscha Gretzinger, genetista del Instituto Max Planck de Antropología Evolutiva y autor principal, explicó a la Sociedad Max Planck: “Nuestros resultados genéticos ofrecen las primeras pistas concretas sobre la formación de la ascendencia eslava, apuntando a un origen probable en algún lugar entre los ríos Dniéster y Don”.

A partir del siglo VI d.C., los datos genéticos revelaron grandes movimientos de población desde el este hacia vastas zonas de Europa Central y Oriental. Este proceso alteró la composición genética de regiones como Alemania Oriental y Polonia, con un reemplazo casi total de la población local por los recién llegados.
Sin embargo, la investigación subraya que la expansión eslava no siguió un patrón de conquista militar, sino que surgió de migraciones familiares y comunidades flexibles, unidas por lazos de parentesco. La diversidad de este fenómeno se evidenció en distintos escenarios. En Alemania Oriental, tras la caída del reino de Turingia, más del 85% de la ascendencia genética correspondía a migrantes del este.
El yacimiento de Brücken, en Sajonia-Anhalt, mostró el paso de una población cosmopolita a una sociedad fundada en grandes linajes familiares, con un perfil genético cercano al de los actuales grupos eslavoparlantes del este de Europa. La minoría sorbia de Alemania Oriental todavía conserva un legado genético vinculado a aquellos primeros colonos eslavos.
En Polonia, los análisis genéticos y arqueológicos, como los del yacimiento de Gródek, desmintieron la idea de una continuidad poblacional prolongada. La población original, conectada con el norte de Europa y Escandinavia, desapareció casi por completo desde los siglos VI y VII d.C., siendo sustituida por migrantes del este. Aunque el reemplazo dominó, los estudios identificaron cierta mezcla con las poblaciones locales, aumentando la complejidad genética y lingüística.

El caso de Croacia y los Balcanes del Norte aportó un patrón distinto. Aquí, la llegada de los eslavos produjo integración más que reemplazo. El ADN antiguo muestra que la ascendencia del este representa cerca de la mitad —o menos— del acervo genético moderno.
En yacimientos como Velim, los enterramientos eslavos más antiguos reflejan una mezcla significativa, con hasta un 30% de ascendencia local. Este mestizaje forjó la diversidad cultural y lingüística que caracteriza a la península balcánica.
Una confirmación independiente provino de Moravia, en Chequia, donde un estudio publicado en Genome Biology, con participación de la Dra. Zuzana Hofmanová, identificó un cambio poblacional asociado a la llegada de los eslavos.
Los individuos vinculados a la cultura de Praga-Korchak presentaban afinidades genéticas con el noreste de Europa, manteniendo esa señal hasta los siglos IX y X, etapa de consolidación del principado de Moravia y nacimiento de la primera lengua eslava literaria.

El análisis de la Sociedad Max Planck propuso nuevas perspectivas sobre el éxito de esta expansión. Walter Pohl, medievalista y coautor, señaló: “La migración eslava representa un modelo fundamentalmente diferente de organización social: una difusión demográfica, a menudo en pequeños grupos o alianzas temporales, que ocupa nuevos territorios sin imponer una identidad fija ni estructuras de élite”.
Esta flexibilidad social, junto a una economía de subsistencia y capacidad de adaptación, permitió a los eslavos prosperar durante la inestabilidad y decadencia de los imperios vecinos.
Las pruebas genéticas confirman que, aunque los eslavos comparten un origen ancestral común, la diversidad regional resultó del grado de mezcla con las poblaciones locales. En el norte, los antiguos pueblos germánicos dieron paso a los eslavos, mientras que en el sur, la fusión con las comunidades existentes originó una amplia variedad de culturas, lenguas y perfiles genéticos.

Zuzana Hofmanová sintetizó la complejidad del fenómeno: “La expansión eslava no fue un evento monolítico, sino un mosaico de diferentes grupos, cada uno adaptándose y fusionándose a su manera, lo que sugiere que nunca existió una sola identidad ‘eslava’, sino muchas”.
Johannes Krause, director del Instituto Max Planck de Antropología Evolutiva, destacó: “La expansión de los eslavos fue probablemente el último acontecimiento demográfico a escala continental que transformó de forma permanente y fundamental el panorama genético y lingüístico de Europa”.
La investigación liderada por la Sociedad Max Planck permitió rastrear el alcance real de las migraciones eslavas y comprender cómo su legado continúa manifestándose en la variedad de lenguas, culturas y perfiles genéticos que distinguen a Europa Central y Oriental en el presente.
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Letitia James ‘wreaking havoc’ on New York in ways voters may not even realize, GOP challenger says

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Fox News Digital sat down with New York Republican attorney general candidate Michael Henry, who made his case on why the Democrat currently holding that office, Letitia James, needs to go and why his campaign has the message to do that.
«Two things,» Henry told Fox News Digital when asked what voters in New York tell him they are most concerned about. «Crime and affordability.»
Henry explained that New Yorkers are «fed up» with the cost of living in the state and may not realize that many of the regulatory policies that affect affordability are handled by the attorney general’s office.
«It’s really put a hamper on economic growth in the State of New York, how her and her bureau chiefs, deputy bureau chief, and the attorneys in the office, who all serve under the discretion of the attorney general, have really crippled the New York State economy,» Henry said.
LETITIA JAMES UP AGAINST ‘BY THE BOOK’ PROSECUTOR ‘WHO MEANS BUSINESS,’ FORMER KENTUCKY AG CAMERON SAYS
Fox News Digital interviewed NY AG candidate Michael Henry about his plan to unseat Letitia James. (Fox News Digital/Getty)
Henry expressed concern specifically about energy costs and what he called a «far-left agenda» that James has been implementing.
«We see a Democrat governor in Josh Shapiro, who’s encouraging New York energy companies to work in Pennsylvania right across the line, where you could literally throw a rock and hit a truck on the Pennsylvania border. But then the 100 years worth of energy under our feet in the southern tier of New York State, which would not only revive the economy, but the people in places like Manhattan would see probably about a 60% cost of energy go down,» Henry said.
«And Letitia James has been wreaking havoc on the daily lives of New Yorkers, and in many instances they just don’t even realize it, and this is something I’ve been trying to shine a light on, letting them know how much damage she’s doing to them and their ability to just be able to afford to live here.»
ANDERSON COOPER SAYS IT WAS ‘NOT A GREAT LOOK’ FOR LETITIA JAMES TO THREATEN TO SUE TRUMP AFTER HER ELECTION

New York Attorney General Letitia James speaks alongside Gov. Kathy Hochul during a press conference in New York City on Nov. 6, 2024, discussing the impact of Donald Trump’s reelection as president. (Lev Radin/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images)
Henry ran unsuccessfully against James in 2020, but his 45% of the vote was one of the best showings for a Republican in the state in decades.
Henry told Fox News Digital he lives a comfortable life as an attorney and didn’t plan on running again, but when he looked around and surveyed the situation he felt compelled to do so.
«You travel to upstate New York, you see these wind fans that don’t work, you see solar panels that break in the winter, yet we’re not allowed to use all options when it comes to energy development,» Henry said.
«Three thousand correctional officers, which is a huge employer in upstate New York, were fired by Letitia James and Kathy Hochul, three thousand families that relied on that income to take care of things like tuition or put food on the table, and they were blocked from going into other civil servant employment. You just see the war on agriculture, war on dairy farmers. There’s a 62-county drug crisis that’s been exacerbated, and if you had told me in 2022, all these issues would have happened or been this bad, I never would have believed you.»
Ultimately, Henry believes that New Yorkers need an «outsider» candidate who has «no fear of Letitia James at all.»
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Letitia James, New York’s attorney general, and Zohran Mamdani, New York City mayoral candidate, embrace during a campaign rally at United Palace in New York City on Monday, Oct. 13, 2025. (Christian Monterrosa/Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Henry explained, «Look, let’s be honest, she wakes up every day focused on three things: targeting the president of the United States, weaponizing her office against political opponents, and ignoring the issues that matter most to hardworking families,» Henry said. «And she’s forgotten that the New York state attorney general is the people’s lawyer, and it’s not the enforcer for the Democrat National Committee.»
On the crime front, Henry hit James for «not cooperating with local law enforcement,» particularly sheriffs in Republican areas, and said New Yorkers are «fed up» on the crime issue.
James will be in court Friday morning after being charged with mortgage fraud, which she has dismissed as political, but Henry pushed back on that narrative.
«People have seen her awkwardly stumble through these press conferences off the cuff, and now we’ve seen her ethical issues, where apparently she’s not only multiple times signed documents saying she’s married to her father, she doesn’t even know what state she lives in, apparently.»
«And Letitia James can’t have it both ways. She can’t say I’ve been trained by the best and then have these discrepancies on numerous occasions in her mortgage applications. It’s either that she knew what she was doing or she lacks the basic reading comprehension skills of a middle schooner, because I could walk into a middle school and put a mortgage application on any child’s desk, and they would say to me, I’m not married to my daddy,» Henry added. «So she cannot have it both ways, and she’s going to be held accountable this time, and we’re seeing it on a daily basis.»
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Panorama Internacional: Donald Trump y el tumultuoso regreso al “patio trasero”
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Cliff-hanger: Ciattarelli, Sherrill claim upper hand in crucial New Jersey showdown for governor

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BELLEVILLE, N.J. – As the competitive and combustible race for New Jersey governor barrels towards a possible photo finish, both major party nominees are playing up the positives.
«Our polling’s looking good. I think we’re feeling really good right now,» Democratic nominee Rep. Mikie Sherrill touted as she spoke with Fox News Digital after headlining a major party gathering this week in this northern New Jersey township.
But with a week and a half to go until Election Day, the latest public opinion polls in one of only two races for governor in the nation this year suggest that Republican nominee Jack Ciattarelli is narrowing the gap with Sherrill in one of only two races for governor this year across the country.
«I think we’re in a great position,» Ciattarelli said in a Fox News interview after a diner stop in Linden, N.J.
MAGA STARS HIT THE CAMPAIGN TRAIL IN CRUCIAL GUBERNATORIAL SHOWDOWN
In a state where registered Democrats still outnumber Republicans despite a GOP surge in registration this decade, four public opinion polls released over the past two weeks — from Fox News, Quinnipiac University, Fairleigh Dickinson University and Rutgers-Eagleton — indicated Ciattarelli tightening the margins with Sherrill in the race to succeed the term-limited Democratic Gov. Phil Murphy. Other public and internal surveys suggest a margin of error contest.
BATTLE FOR GOVERNOR IN THIS CLOSELY WATCHED RACE MAY BE HEADED FOR A PHOTO FINISH
«As you know, many of these polls have a dead heat. And that’s in a state in which Republicans typically under poll because we are the minority party,» Ciattarelli said. «And when you have the endorsement of Democratic mayors across the state, it says people want change. That’s exactly what we’re going to deliver when we win this race.»
Ciattarelli, who has crisscrossed the campaign trail in the Garden State this summer and autumn, has drawn energetic crowds at his stops during the closing stretch of the campaign. And with early voting about to get underway, he’s urging his supporters to cast their ballots.
Jack Ciattarelli, the Republican nominee for governor in New Jersey, speaks to supporters at a diner in Saddle Brook, N.J. on Oct. 15, 2025 (Paul Steinhauser/Fox News)
«Early voting starts this Saturday. We turn out, we win. Let’s finish strong,» he urged.
FIVE KEY RACES TO WATCH WITH TWO WEEKS UNTIL ELECTION DAY
President Donald Trump will hold a tele-rally with Ciattarelli ahead of Election Day. And also helping him make sure low propensity Trump supporters vote during an off-election year when the president isn’t on the ballot have been some top MAGA stars, including Ohio gubernatorial candidate and former White House contender Vivek Ramaswamy and Rep. Byron Donalds, the top candidate for Florida governor next year.
«Jack’s been running a great campaign. I’ve been watching it from down in the Sunshine State. But it’s about winning. We got to help everybody get across the line,» Donalds told Fox News.

New Jersey Republican gubernatorial nominee Jack Ciattarelli, left, is joined by GOP Rep. Byron Donalds of Florida at a diner in Linden, N.J. (Paul Steinhauser/Fox News )
Former Rahway, N.J. GOP chair Patrick Cassio, who was at the Ciattarelli-Donalds diner stop in Linden, told Fox News that «a lot of Trump voters do not vote for anybody else, so getting guys out that they like will get them out to vote.»
And he noted that «four years ago, 400,000 Republicans didn’t vote. So, think about that. He [Ciattarelli] picks up half of that, he wins. The math is pretty simple.»
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Ciattarelli, who’s making his third straight run for Garden State governor, and who nearly upset Murphy four years ago, says things are different this time around.
«Because of the closeness of that race in ’21, people are paying closer attention this time around,» Ciattarelli said.

Rep. Mikell Sherrill of New Jersey, the Democratic gubernatorial nominee, speaks at a news conference on Oct. 13, 2025 in Clifton, N.J. (Mikie Sherrill campaign)
But Sherrill criticized her Republican rival as a «kind of a perennial candidate.»
THE POLITICAL BOMB TRUMP EXPLODED IN THE NEW JERSEY SHOWDOWN FOR GOVERNOR
Sherrill, a U.S. Naval Academy graduate who flew helicopters during her military service and who was first elected to Congress in 2018, is also enjoying plenty of company on the campaign trail. Last weekend she was joined by Govs. Gretchen Whitmer of Michigan and Wes Moore of Maryland — who are considered potential 2028 White House contenders. And former Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg and Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro, two more potential presidential candidates, are on deck.

Democratic gubernatorial nominee Rep. Mikie of New Jersey, left, teams up on the campaign trail with Maryland Gov. Wes Moore, in Newark, N.J. on Oct. 19, 2025. (Mikie Sherrill campaign )
And Sherrill’s campaign announced this week that the most popular Democrat in the country — former President Barack Obama — will headline a rally with her in Newark on Nov. 1, the final weekend before Election Day.
While Sherrill has faced criticism by Republicans and some political pundits for a lack of energy on the campaign trail, she pointed to her get-out-the-vote operation.
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«We’re seeing great returns on the vote by mails. We’ll start early voting the 25th, which we’re really excited about. We’re seeing a ton of energy on the ground,» she told Fox News.
And Sherrill touted that her campaign has «the biggest volunteer field program that anyone in New Jersey has ever run… We are getting the right doors, and I’m really excited about what we’re gonna see.»
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