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El sorprendente ecosistema que late en una gota del océano
Para comprender verdaderamente el cosmos microscópico que exploraremos, primero debemos visualizar qué son exactamente 50 microlitros. Esta cantidad, equivalente a una gota típica de agua marina, representa apenas la mitad de una décima de mililitro. Para hacernos una idea, 20 000 gotas de este tamaño serían un litro de líquido o el equivalente a unas 100 cucharadas.
En términos cotidianos, es 10 veces menor que el volumen de un grano de arroz y equivale aproximadamente al volumen de un cabello humano de un centímetro de largo. Esta diminuta cantidad puede parecer insignificante, pero cuando se trata de una gota de agua de mar, representa un universo repleto de vida.
Las aguas costeras de Galicia, especialmente en zonas como la ría de Vigo, albergan una biodiversidad microscópica extraordinaria. En una sola gota de estas aguas podríamos encontrar entre 50 000 y 100 000 bacterias y una cantidad incluso mayor de virus. Pero estos números apenas comienzan a describir la complejidad de este mundo invisible.
Los estudios realizados en las costas gallegas han revelado que los organismos microscópicos más diversos son los protistas, es decir, los animales, plantas u hongos cuyas células contienen un núcleo celular definido (eucariotas). Individualmente más grandes que las bacterias, están presentes en números menores, pero con una diversidad extraordinaria: representan casi la mitad de toda la vida microscópica presente en estas aguas.
Los virus marinos son probablemente los habitantes más numerosos de nuestra gota oceánica gallega. En nuestros diminutos 50 microlitros, podríamos encontrar entre 50 000 y 500 000 partículas virales.
Aunque son invisibles incluso con los mejores microscopios ópticos, estos virus desempeñan un papel crucial controlando las poblaciones de bacterias y otros microorganismos. Sin embargo, curiosamente, los estudios en mejillones de las rías gallegas muestran que estos bivalvos filtradores apenas retienen virus en sus tejidos, lo que sugiere que los estos agentes microscópicos permanecen principalmente en la columna de agua.
Las bacterias marinas son las verdaderas trabajadoras de nuestro océano. En cada gota, encontraríamos representantes de los principales grupos que mantienen funcionando los ecosistemas marinos. Los tipos más comunes en las aguas gallegas pertenecen a grupos como oceanospirillales, flavobacteriales y vibrionales.
Estas bacterias realizan tareas esenciales: reciclan nutrientes, producen oxígeno, descomponen materia orgánica y participan en los ciclos del carbono y nitrógeno que mantienen saludable el ecosistema marino. Algunas viven flotando libremente en el agua, mientras otras forman comunidades adheridas a partículas o superficies.
Los protistas son, quizás, los habitantes más fascinantes de nuestra gota gallega. Este grupo incluye las diatomeas, que son como pequeñas joyas microscópicas con caparazones de cristal y producen gran parte del oxígeno que respiramos.
En las aguas de las rías gallegas, abundan especialmente las diatomeas como Navicula, Amphora y Pseudo-nitzschia. Esta última puede producir toxinas que ocasionalmente afectan a los mejillones cultivados en las bateas gallegas.
También encontraríamos dinoflagelados –microorganismos unicelulares que forman parte del fitoplancton–, algunos de los cuales pueden crear las famosas “mareas rojas” cuando se multiplican masivamente.
Ciertos dinoflagelados poseen una característica especial que los convierte en verdaderos artistas de la naturaleza: la bioluminiscencia. Cuando son perturbados por el movimiento del agua, emiten una luz azul verdosa que crea uno de los espectáculos más mágicos de nuestras costas: el famoso “mar de ardora” gallego. En noches especialmente cálidas de verano, millones de estos organismos microscópicos pueden iluminar las olas que rompen en nuestras playas, convirtiendo el mar en un verdadero universo de estrellas líquidas. En nuestra pequeña gota de 50 microlitros podríamos tener cientos de estos organismos bioluminiscentes esperando brillar al menor movimiento.
Otros inquilinos de nuestras gotas son unos depredadores microscópicos llamados ciliados, que controlan las poblaciones bacterianas como verdaderos “lobos” microscópicos.
Hongos marinos, recicladores especializados
Aunque menos abundantes que otros grupos, los hongos son cruciales para la descomposición en nuestras aguas gallegas. En nuestros 50 microlitros encontraríamos entre 1 000 y 5 000 esporas fúngicas o estructuras reproductivas.
Estos hongos incluyen especies que pueden afectar a los organismos marinos cultivados en Galicia. Algunos géneros como Aplanochytrium y Thraustochytrium pueden causar enfermedades en crustáceos y otros invertebrados marinos, lo que los convierte en organismos de especial interés para los acuicultores gallegos.
Protozoos, grandes tragones
Nuestra gota gallega también alberga larvas de muchos de los invertebrados marinos que conocemos en forma adulta, como percebes, mejillones, cangrejos y peces. También encontraríamos rotíferos, copépodos juveniles y otros diminutos organismos.
Durante el verano, cuando las aguas están más cálidas, son más abundantes. En nuestros diminutos 50 microlitros podríamos encontrar entre 5 y 50 de estos metazoos microscópicos, dependiendo de la estación del año y la ubicación específica en la ría.
Nuestro conocimiento de este universo microscópico se debe a técnicas modernas de análisis genético. Los científicos ya no necesitan cultivar estos organismos en laboratorio, algo que era imposible para la mayoría. Ahora pueden extraer todo el material genético de una muestra de agua y analizar las huellas dactilares genéticas de cada organismo presente.
Esta tecnología, llamada metabarcoding de ADN, permite identificar miles de especies simultáneamente. Es como hacer un censo completo de todos los habitantes microscópicos de una gota de agua en una sola operación.
Más allá de los números, lo verdaderamente fascinante de esta gota oceánica son las intrincadas relaciones entre los organismos que la habitan: los virus infectan bacterias y otros microorganismos, controlando sus poblaciones; las bacterias reciclan nutrientes que luego utilizan las diatomeas y otros productores microscópicos; los ciliados y otros protistas se alimentan de bacterias, y los hongos descomponen materia orgánica compleja.
Todos estos procesos ecológicos ocurren simultáneamente en el espacio microscópico de una gota, como un ecosistema completo, con sus productores, consumidores y descomponedores.
La próxima vez que pasee por la playa, recuerde que cada gota, cada diminuta fracción de 50 microlitros, contiene más diversidad biológica que muchos bosques enteros. En este universo microscópico se desarrollan historias de supervivencia, competencia y cooperación, ciclos de vida completos y procesos que son fundamentales para mantener la salud de nuestras rías y la productividad pesquera y marisquera que caracteriza a Galicia.
Artículo prublicado originalmente en The Conversation
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Reporter’s Notebook: Clintons call for open Epstein files hearing after months of defying subpoenas
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Since there was such a tempest over Bad Bunny’s Super Bowl halftime show, perhaps there’s a solution at hand. This compromise would satisfy both red and blue America. And the exhibition would transfix the country: Have former President Bill Clinton and President Donald Trump testify at halftime about the Epstein files.
Republicans believe former President Clinton has something to hide about Jeffrey Epstein. Democrats think the same about President Trump. The House Oversight Committee subpoenaed the former president and Hillary Clinton to testify about the Epstein files. After a lot of wrangling, the Clintons are due to appear for closed-door depositions later this month.
But both Bill and Hillary Clinton are now calling for open sessions. And Democrats believe that such an appearance at a public session — by a former President — would establish a precedent to lug in President Trump to answer questions about what he knew about Epstein.
GHISLAINE MAXWELL TO APPEAR BEFORE HOUSE OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE LAWMAKERS FOR EPSTEIN PROBE DEPOSITION
Hillary Clinton addresses her staff and supporters about the results of the U.S. election as her husband, former U.S. President Bill Clinton, applauds at a hotel in the Manhattan borough of New York, Nov. 9, 2016. (Reuters/Carlos Barria)
One architect of the law compelling the release of the Epstein files, applauded demands last week by the former First Couple to testify at a televised open hearing. Rep. Ro Khanna, D-Calif., said the former president is an important witness.
«As long as [the hearing is] focused on Epstein, and it’s not a wild goose chase — it’s not trying to score political points or embarrass either President Clinton or President Trump, it is asking legitimate questions about what they knew took place and who they knew were participating in heinous acts,» said Khanna. «That should be a legitimate point of inquiry.»
After agreeing to a closed-door deposition later this month, Hillary Clinton took to X. She wrote to Oversight Committee Chairman James Comer, R-Ky., saying, «If you want this fight let’s have it in public.»
Former President Clinton echoed his wife the next day on X, also calling for a public session. The former commander-in-chief declared that he won’t be used «as a prop in a closed door Kangaroo Court.»
A spokeswoman for Comer accused the former first couple of «moving the goalposts.» Comer was always open to a hearing. But after a closed-door deposition.
«Depositions have historically been much more substantive than hearings,» said Comer. «Hearings unfortunately, have become more of an entertainment thing.»
It’s hard to track exactly what the Clintons wanted.
The House Oversight Committee voted on a bipartisan basis last August to subpoena both Bill and Hillary Clinton for depositions — along with a host of other prominent figures like former Attorney General Bill Barr. After a lot of haggling, the committee subpoenaed them to appear at dates in October. The Clintons defied those. Then the committee assigned them dates just before Christmas. But neither showed then because of a funeral. The committee requested that the Clintons give them dates for January appearances. They didn’t. The committee then assigned them additional dates for January testimony. They skipped out on those. That’s when Comer threatened to hold the Clintons in contempt of Congress if they didn’t appear in January. The Oversight Committee voted — in bipartisan fashion — for contempt. The House Rules Committee planned last week to prep a measure to force the entire House to vote on contempt — and send criminal referrals for the Clintons to the Justice Department for prosecution after they defied the subpoenas.
REVEALED: TRUMP CALLED POLICE CHIEF TO SUPPORT EPSTEIN PROBE, AND LAWMAKERS NAMED 6 MEN SHIELDED FROM EXPOSURE
House Oversight Committee Chairman James Comer, R-Ky., alongside Rep. Andy Biggs, R-Ariz., left, speaks to reporters after a closed-door deposition with Ghislaine Maxwell, the former girlfriend and confidante of sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein, at the Capitol in Washington, D.C., on Feb. 9, 2026. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
But the Clintons finally agreed to depositions at the end of this month. And once that was on the calendar, the duo began calling for public hearings.
There is a method behind this madness. There isn’t a loyalty among younger Congressional Democrats to the Clintons. In fact, former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., was steamed at some Democrats for wanting the Clintons to appear. Younger Democrats don’t have the same reverence for the Clintons as older Democrats. Hillary Clinton ran for president a decade ago. She hasn’t been a senator since 2009. She last served as Secretary of State in early 2013. President Clinton left the Oval Office more than a quarter-century ago.
However, this is the Democrats’ gambit:
If former President Clinton appears about the Epstein files, it may be tough to make the case that President Trump shouldn’t appear.
«Certainly it does set the precedent. President Trump was subpoenaed during the January 6th investigations and didn’t come in. He cited some form of executive privilege. And so we’re kind of forcing the Clintons to come in with the threat of criminal contempt. Then that is a precedent that we are setting,» said Rep. Suhas Subramanyam, D-Va. «In other countries, like the UK, the Prime Minister regularly comes before the Parliament. And so it’s not like it’s unprecedented around the world.»
Granted, that’s a parliamentary system where the prime minister is a member of Parliament in the United Kingdom. British Prime Minister Keir Starmer regularly appears for «Prime Minister’s Questions» every Wednesday at noon in London. Members of Parliament usually pepper the prime minister with questions and scoff in a scene which resembles something out of Monty Python.
But the American and British systems are fundamentally different.
Getting a sitting or former President — and even first lady — before Congress is rare but not unheard of.
BONDI TO FACE GRILLING IN HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE OVER EPSTEIN FILES, WEAPONIZATION ALLEGATIONS
Former President Bill Clinton was seen in photos with Jeffrey Epstein as part of a DOJ Epstein files release on Friday, Dec. 19. (Department of Justice)
There are three prominent examples of sitting Presidents appearing before Congress. President Abraham Lincoln testified voluntarily before the House Judiciary Committee in 1862. The New York Herald published his «State of the Union» message to Congress just before it was sent to Capitol Hill. Presidents sent written «reports» in those days. They did not give speeches to Congress. Lawmakers probed the leak of the message to Congress. It was speculated that Herald reporter Henry Wikoff got the message ahead of time thanks to his friendship with Mary Todd Lincoln. The House Sergeant at Arms briefly held Wikoff — and released him after the president spoke to the Judiciary Committee.
President Woodrow Wilson appeared before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1919 to discuss a treaty with Germany and establishing the League of Nations. Wilson’s push for the League of Nations failed. The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles.
President Gerald Ford had been in office two-and-a-half months before he appeared voluntarily before the House Judiciary Committee in the fall of 1974. Ford told lawmakers that his pardon of former President Richard Nixon wasn’t something they bargained about. Ford told the committee that he pardoned Nixon because his physical and mental health fell into a steep decline.
Former President Harry Truman appeared before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1955 to testify about the United Nations Charter.
Ford came back as a former president in 1983 for a Senate hearing on the bicentennial of the Constitution.
And there are examples of both sitting and former first ladies testifying, too.
Eleanor Roosevelt testified twice as first lady. Once about labor issues. Then, about the organization of volunteers for the civilian defense agency before World War II.
Rosalynn Carter testified about mental health as first lady.
Hillary Clinton famously testified about her husband’s health care plan — even though it was dubbed (often derisively) «Hillarycare» in the fall of 1993. She testified multiple times as Secretary of State. Most notably in early 2013 regarding Benghazi.
And, first lady Laura Bush was en route to Capitol Hill to testify before a Senate panel about early childhood education on 9/11. The committee cancelled the hearing after the attacks in New York and at the Pentagon.
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So, many Republicans are game to hear from the Clintons about the Epstein files. Frankly, some were more interested in just holding them in contempt than actually gleaning anything about Epstein. But it looks like the Clintons will at least sit for depositions in a few weeks. Whether there’s a hearing or not is unclear. Some Republicans may even push for that. But caveat emptor. An open session for the Clintons will only intensify the push by Democrats — and some GOPers — to hear from President Trump.
Their testimony might not come during the Super Bowl halftime show. But open testimony by a former President and a sitting President would be a political Super Bowl.
politics,the clintons,jeffrey epstein,republicans,house of representatives politics,congress,william barr
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Russian attack on Kharkiv wipes out young family, leaving pregnant mother as sole survivor
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A Russian drone strike Tuesday night in Ukraine’s Kharkiv region wiped out a young family, killing a father and his three small children, leaving a pregnant mother as the sole survivor.
Oleg Synegubov, the governor of the Kharkiv region, said on Telegram that the attack on the town of Bohodukhiv claimed the lives of 34-year-old Grigory and his three children — 2-year-old twin boys, Ivan and Vladyslav, and their 1-year-old sister Myroslava.
The family had just evacuated from Zolochiv, a front-line town about 25 miles from the Russian border, in an effort to escape persistent shelling.
They were spending their first night in their new home when the strike occurred, Synegubov said.
‘ONLY TRUMP CAN STOP RUSSIA’: MILLIONS FACE FREEZING WINTER, UKRAINE ENERGY EXECUTIVE WARNS
The aftermath of a drone attack in the city of Bohodukhiv in the Kharkiv region that killed four people, including three children, in Bohodukhiv, Ukraine, on Feb. 11, 2026. (Carlo Bravo/Anadolu via Getty Images)
Olga, the children’s 35-year-old mother who is 35 weeks pregnant, survived with injuries and minor burns and was later discharged from the hospital after receiving medical care.
«The Russian army once again targeted an ordinary residential building in the middle of the night,» said Synegubov. «Another terrorist act of the state fighting against the civilian population – against small children, pregnant women, elderly people.»
The Kharkiv Regional Prosecutor’s Office said preliminary data indicates that a «Geran-2» drone was used in the attack.
RUSSIAN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OFFICIAL SHOT IN MOSCOW: REPORT
A resident touches a Russian-Iranian Shahed-136 (Geran-2) kamikaze drone installed in front of Saint Michael’s Cathedral as part of an exhibition displaying destroyed Russian military vehicles and weapons, in Kyiv, Ukraine, Nov. 26, 2025. (Valentyn Ogirenko/Reuters)
The Geran-2 is the Russian designation for an Iranian-designed Shahed-136, a one-way attack drone that detonates on impact and has been widely used by Moscow to strike Ukrainian cities and infrastructure.
KENYA DEMANDS ANSWERS FROM RUSSIA OVER RECRUITMENT OF CITIZENS TO FIGHT IN UKRAINE WAR
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said Wednesday in a post on X that Russian forces carried out additional strikes across border and frontline regions, including launching 470 attack drones at Kherson in a single day.
Damaged buildings and debris are seen after a drone attack in the city of Bohodukhiv in the Kharkiv region on Feb. 11, 2026. (Carlo Bravo/Anadolu via Getty Images)
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«Gas supply restoration is ongoing in the Donetsk region – also following a Russian strike. There were strikes on infrastructure in the Dnipro region, in the Synelnykove district,» he wrote. «Some consumers are currently without electricity in Zaporizhzhia after ‘shahed’ strikes – restoration work is underway.»
Zelenskyy said he directed military and community leaders to develop additional measures to strengthen protection for critical infrastructure.
ukraine,russia,drones
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