INTERNACIONAL
From Caracas to Chicago: Trump’s Article II powers face their biggest tests yet

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President Donald Trump has spent the bulk of his second White House term testing the limits of his Article II authorities, both at home and abroad – a defining constitutional fight that legal experts expect to continue to play out in the federal courts for the foreseeable future.
These actions have included the U.S. capture of Venezuelan strongman Nicolás Maduro, who was deposed during a U.S. military raid in Caracas earlier this month, and Trump’s continued fight to deploy National Guard troops in Democrat-led localities, despite the stated objections of state and local leaders.
The moves have drawn reactions ranging from praise to sharp criticism, while raising fresh legal questions about how far a sitting president can go in wielding power at home and abroad.
Legal experts told Fox News Digital in a series of interviews that they do not expect Trump’s executive powers to be curtailed, at least not significantly or immediately, by the federal courts in the near-term.
TRUMP OUSTING OF MADURO DRAWS PARALLELS TO US RAID IN PANAMA – BUT THERE ARE SOME MAJOR CONTRASTS
Federal law enforcement personnel stand watch outside the Metropolitan Detention Center as they await the arrival of captured Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, Saturday, Jan. 3, 2026, in New York. (Yuki Iwamura/AP)
Despite near-certain challenges from Maduro – who would likely argue any U.S. arrest in Venezuela is illegal, echoing Manuel Noriega’s failed strategy decades ago – experts say Trump’s Justice Department would have little trouble citing court precedent and prior Office of Legal Counsel guidance to justify his arrest and removal.
U.S. presidents have long enjoyed a wider degree of authority on foreign affairs issues – including acting unilaterally to order extraterritorial arrests. Like other U.S. presidents, Trump can cite guidance published in the late 1980s to argue Maduro’s arrest was made within the «national interest» or to protect U.S. persons and property.

President Donald Trump is seen in the Oval Office in the White House in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday, Jan. 14, 2026. (Evelyn Hockstein/Reuters)
Even if an arrest were viewed as infringing on another country’s sovereignty, experts say Trump could cite ample court precedent and longstanding Office of Legal Counsel and Justice Department guidance to argue the action was legally sound.
A 1989 memo authored by then-U.S. Assistant Attorney General Bill Barr has surfaced repeatedly as one of the strongest arguments Trump could cite to justify Maduro’s capture. That OLC memo states that «the president, pursuant to his inherent constitutional authority, can authorize enforcement actions independent of any statutory grant of power.» It also authorizes FBI agents to effectuate arrests ordered by the president under the «Take Care» clause of the U.S. Constitution, and says the authority to order extraterritorial arrests applies even if it impinges «on the sovereignty of other countries.»
Importantly, federal courts have read these powers to apply even in instances where Congress has not expressly granted statutory authorization to intervene.
DEFIANT MADURO DECLARES HE IS A ‘PRISONER OF WAR’ IN FIRST US COURT APPEARANCE
«When federal interests are at stake, the president, under Article II, has the power to protect them,» Josh Blackman, a constitutional law professor at the South Texas College of Law, told Fox News Digital in an interview.
That’s because Article II, at its core, is «the power for a U.S. president to protect [its] people,» Blackman said.
«The reason why we detained Maduro was to effectuate an arrest. DOJ personnel and FBI agents were there to arrest him and read him his rights. And the reason why we used 150 aircraft, and all the other military equipment, was to protect the people who were going to arrest Maduro,» he added. «It was a law enforcement operation, but [with] military backing to protect them – so Article II does factor in here, indirectly.»

Protesters gather outside City Hall in Houston, Texas, on Jan. 10, 2026, for a demonstration against Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). (Reginald Mathalone/NurPhoto via Getty Images)
Though Trump himself has not cited a legal justification for the invasion, senior administration officials have, including Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Secretary of War Pete Hegseth, who described Maduro’s arrest respectively, as a mission to indict two «fugitives of justice,» and as a «joint military and law enforcement raid.»
In Minnesota, next steps for Trump are a bit more fraught.
Trump’s National Guard deployment efforts were stymied by the Supreme Court in December, after the high court halted Trump’s National Guard deployments under Title 10.
Trump had deployed the federalized troops to Illinois and Oregon last year to protect ICE personnel. But the high court issued an interim order rejecting Trump’s bid, noting that under Title 10, the administration could not federalize the National Guard until it first showed they tried to authorize the regular military to enforce the laws but could not do so.
Some court watchers have noted that the ruling essentially closes off alternatives for Trump to act.
Instead, Trump could opt to enact his Article II «protective powers» domestically via a more sweeping and extreme alternative.
MIKE DAVIS: WHAT IS HAPPENING IN MINNESOTA IS WHY WE HAVE THE INSURRECTION ACT

Supreme Court Justices Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas and Brett Kavanaugh are seen at the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 20, 2025, in Washington, D.C. (Chip Somodevilla/Pool/AFP via Getty Images)
This includes the use of the Insurrection Act to call up active-duty U.S. troops and order them deployed to Minnesota and elsewhere.
The Insurrection Act is a broad tool that gives presidents the authority to deploy military forces in the U.S. when «unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion» make it «impracticable to enforce the laws.»
Critics note it is a powerful, far-reaching statute that could grant Trump an expansive set of powers to act domestically in ways that are not reviewable by Congress or by the courts.
Jack Goldsmith, a Harvard Law professor and former U.S. Assistant Attorney General, noted this possibility in a recent chat with former White House counsel Robert Bauer. By «closing off this other statute,» he said, the Supreme Court «may have, some argue, driven the president in the direction of the Insurrection Act because this other source of authority was not available.»
Trump allies, for their part, have argued that the president has few other options at his disposal in the wake of the Supreme Court’s interim ruling.
Chad Wolf, the America First Policy Institute’s chair of homeland security and immigration, told Fox News Digital last week that Trump could have «little choice» but to invoke the Insurrection Act.
«If the situation on the ground in Minneapolis continues to grow violent, with ICE officers being targeted and injured as well as other violent acts … Trump will have little choice,» he said.
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Experts are split on to what degree there is a through-line between the two issues.
Blackman, the South Texas College of Law professor, said the «point of connection» in Trump’s actions is the presidential «power of protection» under Article II, which he said applies both abroad and at home. «The president can protect his law enforcement domestically, and he can protect his law enforcement abroad, both under Article II.»
Fox News Digital’s Ashley Oliver contributed to this report.
donald trump,politics,supreme court,minnesota fraud exposed,federal courts,national security,venezuelan political crisis
INTERNACIONAL
La mirada de un ex marine: “Trump no tiene una estrategia, busca ser el virrey de Irán”

Una guerra de poco tiempo
Trump no es el primero ni el último líder del mundo que vaya a contradecirse de hacer una cosa y decir otra. Pero Estados Unidos, que nunca ha sido un país perfecto, siempre ha sido un país líder
Molestias en Estados Unidos por la guerra
¿Una Delcy iraní?
No hay Delcy Rodríguez en Irán. Irán no era y no es un régimen basado en el crimen organizado
¿Trump, el virrey?
La espera de los republicanos
Para realmente cambiar un régimen, para instalar un gobierno títere, para controlar los recursos de un país, todavía se requiere lo que se requería en la época medieval y esos son soldados
El poder del Estrecho de Ormuz
INTERNACIONAL
Rubio designates Afghanistan as ‘state sponsor of wrongful detention’: ‘Despicable tactics’

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U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio designated Afghanistan as a «state sponsor of wrongful detention,» accusing the Taliban of «unjustly» detaining Americans and other foreign nationals.
In his announcement on Monday, Rubio said the Taliban continues to use «terrorist tactics» that he insisted «need to end.»
«I am designating Afghanistan as a State Sponsor of Wrongful Detention,» Rubio said in a statement. «The Taliban continues to use terrorist tactics, kidnapping individuals for ransom or to seek policy concessions. These despicable tactics need to end.»
The secretary also called on the terror group to free a pair of Americans who are «unjustly detained» in Afghanistan.
IRAN REGIME CITED AS TRUMP ADMIN SET TO DESIGNATE SUDAN’S MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD A TERROR GROUP
U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio designated Afghanistan as a «state sponsor of wrongful detention.» (Alex Wong/Getty Images)
«It is not safe for Americans to travel to Afghanistan because the Taliban continues to unjustly detain our fellow Americans and other foreign nationals,» he said. «The Taliban needs to release Dennis Coyle, Mahmoud Habibi, and all Americans unjustly detained in Afghanistan now and commit to cease the practice of hostage diplomacy forever.»
Coyle, 64, was detained more than a year ago without charges by the Taliban General Directorate of Intelligence, according to his family, noting that he still has not been charged. His family said he was legally working to support Afghan language communities as an academic researcher.
Habibi, a 38-year-old American citizen who was born in Afghanistan, was taken along with his driver from their vehicle in the capital of Kabul in August 2022 by the Taliban General Directorate of Intelligence, according to the State Department.
The FBI said Habibi was previously Afghanistan’s director of civil aviation and worked for the Kabul-based telecommunications company Asia Consultancy Group. The FBI said the Taliban detained 29 other employees of the company but has released most of them.

Secretary of State Marco Rubio said the Taliban continues to use «terrorist tactics» that he insisted «need to end.» (J. Scott Applewhite/AP Photo)
Habibi has not been heard from since his arrest, and the Taliban has not disclosed his whereabouts or condition, according to the State Department and FBI. The Taliban has previously denied it detained Habibi.
The U.S. is also calling for the return of the remains of Paul Overby, an author who was last seen close to Afghanistan’s border with Pakistan in 2014, according to Reuters, citing two sources familiar with the situation.
The State Department could restrict the use of U.S. passports for travel to Afghanistan if the Taliban does not meet the U.S. government’s demands, the sources told the outlet.
A passport restriction of this kind is currently only in place for North Korea.
The Taliban called the decision by Rubio to designate Afghanistan a «state sponsor of wrongful detention» regrettable, adding that it wanted to resolve the matter through dialogue.
STATE DEPARTMENT DEFENDS ‘PROACTIVE’ EVACUATION EFFORTS AGAINST DEMS’ CLAIMS OF DIPLOMATIC CHAOS

The Taliban called the decision to designate Afghanistan a «state sponsor of wrongful detention» regrettable. (Reuters/Ali Khara)
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The Taliban took control of Afghanistan in 2021 during the U.S. military’s chaotic withdrawal from the country that ended the 20-year war in the region.
Rubio gave the «state sponsor of wrongful detention» designation to Iran late last month, just one day before the U.S.-Israeli strikes on the country. He warned that the U.S. could restrict travel to Iran over its detention of U.S. citizens, but there have not been any restrictions yet.
«The Iranian regime must stop taking hostages and release all Americans unjustly detained in Iran, steps that could end this designation and associated actions,» Rubio said at the time.
Reuters contributed to this report.
afghanistan,world,terrorism,marco rubio,secretary of state,state department
INTERNACIONAL
Mamdani avoids ‘radical Islamic terror’ phrase after ISIS-inspired NYC attack, echoing Obama-era debate

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New York Mayor Zohran Mamdani condemned an alleged ISIS-inspired bomb plot outside Gracie Mansion but did not use the phrase «radical Islamic terror,» reviving long-running criticism from the Obama era that some Democratic leaders avoid the term.
Two suspects were arrested after allegedly throwing improvised explosive devices near the mansion during a protest Saturday, with one reportedly telling authorities he was inspired by ISIS. Mamdani later described the attempted attack as «terrorism» but did not reference radical Islam in his initial public remarks.
Several Republican lawmakers and political rivals criticized Mamdani’s choice of words.
«There is absolutely no excuse for any public official to equivocate or be confused here,» New York State Sen. Steve Chan, R-Brooklyn, told Fox News Digital Tuesday.
DRAMATIC VIDEO SHOWS NYPD TACKLING MAN WHO THREW ‘IGNITED DEVICE’ NEAR NYC MAYOR’S HOME DURING PROTEST CLASH
New York State Sen. Steve Chan marches along the Avenue of the Americas during the Dominican Day Parade in Manhattan. (Luiz Rampelotto/NurPhoto)
«Anyone who throws a bomb is not a protester: they are a terrorist, plain and simple, and elected officials need to call it like it is,» Chan said, adding that he commends the NYPD for their brave and swift action at the scene.
Authorities said the two suspects, Emir Balat and Ibrahim Kayumi, both from the Philadelphia suburbs, allegedly threw improvised explosive devices containing a compound known as the «Mother of Satan» during the protest, with one reportedly admitting he was inspired by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
Greg Kelly, the son of former NYPD Commissioner Ray Kelly, who led New York through the aftermath of both 9/11 and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, critiqued Mamdani for calling out the protest as led by an alleged «White supremacist» but whiffing on the ideology behind suspected ISIS-supporters’ actions.
«Imagine that: a bomb goes off in New York City, laid by ISIS-inspired terrorists. The mayor points at White supremacy as the problem; White supremacy if only we could get rid of those White supremacists,» Kelly said on his 77WABC radio program.
After the alleged attack, Mamdani held a press conference with NYPD Commissioner Jessica S. Tisch and called out the «vile protest» against Islam led by January 6 defendant Jake Lang that allegedly inspired the two boys to attack.
«New York City will never tolerate violence, whether from protests or counterprotests,» Mamdani said, condemning the arrested suspects for «coming here to commit an act of terrorism» in return.
New York Democratic scion Andrew Cuomo, the former three-term governor and mayoral candidate, lambasted Mamdani’s response as well.
HERO NYPD OFFICERS HONORED FOR FOILING ALLEGED ISIS-INSPIRED TERROR PLOT NEAR GRACIE MANSION

New York City Democratic mayoral candidate Zohran Mamdani (Deirdre Heavey/Fox News Digital)
«Had the bomb gone off … [it] literally would have done horrific damage. And the police, ironically, were closest to the bomb. Not Jake Lang,» he said.
«The mayor puts out a statement condemning Jake Lang. I agree. And in the second part of the statement, (he) condemns the terrorists. There is no moral equivalency: Jake Lang; bigot, hateful, of course. Yes, I agree — terrorists who bring a bomb to kill people? They are not equivalent, and this city has no tolerance for terrorism or attempted terrorists, and that statement has to be made loud and clear,» Cuomo said.
Hours later, Mamdani returned with a statement posted to social media that cited ISIS.
«Emir Balat and Ibrahim Kayumi have been charged with committing a heinous act of terrorism and proclaiming their allegiance to ISIS. They should be held fully accountable for their actions,» the statement said in part.
A few minutes later, former Mayor Eric Adams posted his own more thorough response to the situation, saying that «no one should be surprised.»
«After years of hateful rhetoric and incitement, attempts to justify attacks on Jews in Israel, praise for violence like the killing of a CEO, and chants about ‘globalizing the intifada’ and ‘Death to America,’ words have now escalated into violence on the streets of New York City, with explosives being thrown,» Adams said.
He identified a «serious radicalization problem» on both political fringes and said it is troubling to see an emphasis on young people being radicalized.
«If we don’t confront it, this will only get worse,» Adams said.
SUSPECT IN NYC TERROR PROBE PLANNED ATTACK ‘BIGGER THAN THE BOSTON MARATHON BOMBING,’ PROSECUTORS SAY

New York Mayor Zohran Mamdani, left, and one of the alleged Gracie Mansion terrorists, right. (Leonardo Munoz/Getty Images; Andrew Lictenstein/Getty Images)
One of the two alleged terrorists arrested was still a student at Neshaminy High School in Neshaminy, Pennsylvania.
Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick, R-Pa., the longtime Bucks County moderate, said in a statement that authorities in Middletown Township were investigating the situation near the boys’ homes.
«Authorities have indicated that there is no known threat to the surrounding community, and the situation remains under the control of law enforcement. The activity was not related to immigration enforcement,» Fitzpatrick said.
In a letter to parents, Neshaminy Superintendent Jason Bowman said the school is in contact with law enforcement and that there is no threat to other students at this time.
President Donald Trump made what he described as the left’s refusal to call out «radical Islamic terrorism» a centerpiece of his 2016 platform, when he regularly criticized former President Barack Obama for failing to fully identify such attacks.
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«Radical Islamic terrorism, and people don’t like saying that. And our president refuses to use the term. Every time another event happens, I say, ‘I wonder if he’ll say it this time,’» Trump said during a campaign rally in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He went on to criticize his 2016 opponent, former first lady Hillary Clinton, along similar lines.
Fox News Digital reached out to Mamdani’s office for comment.
ericadams,isis,zohran mamdani,terrorism,bombings
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