INTERNACIONAL
La enfermedad invisible que engaña incluso a los médicos: qué es el trastorno facticio y cómo detectarlo a tiempo
El trastorno facticio, anteriormente conocido como síndrome de Munchausen, afecta a personas de cualquier edad y género. Ocurre cuando alguien finge, exagera o provoca síntomas físicos o psicológicos sin buscar un beneficio material externo. La enfermedad implica un riesgo para la integridad del paciente y, en casos de “trastorno facticio impuesto a otro”, puede tratarse de una forma grave de maltrato infantil.
El síndrome de Munchausen por poderes aparece cuando un cuidador inventa o provoca enfermedades en un dependiente. El objetivo no es buscar una recompensa material, sino obtener atención o simpatía de parte del entorno médico y social.
La detección suele demorarse, ya que los síntomas inducidos resultan variados y el engaño puede mantenerse durante largos períodos. Los profesionales deben revisar los historiales médicos y observar inconsistencias para sospechar de este diagnóstico.
El trastorno presenta dos variantes principales: uno en el que la persona crea síntomas en sí misma y otro donde los genera en terceros. Ambos exigen intervenciones médicas y psiquiátricas urgentes. Los afectados tienden a pasar por numerosos hospitales, se someten a procedimientos innecesarios y muestran actitud resistente ante la sugerencia de atención psicológica.
Según MedlinePlus, las señales de trastorno facticio pueden incluir relatos de síntomas poco claros, disposición inmediata para realizarse exámenes o cirugías y un historial de múltiples consultas en distintas instituciones.
En el caso del síndrome de Munchausen por poderes, los encargados pueden llevar incluso sustancias o muestras al hospital para alterar resultados o causar daño real al menor. De acuerdo con Mayo Clinic, los niños presentan lesiones, infecciones o síntomas que no encuentran explicación médica, y en ocasiones mejoran cuando se separan del cuidador principal.
La mayoría de las personas con este trastorno rechaza la ayuda cuando se les plantea la sospecha, lo que complica la continuidad del tratamiento. La revisión de historiales clínicos y el trabajo multidisciplinario resultan claves para confirmar el diagnóstico.
Las directrices de la Cleveland Clinic indican que la entrevista con especialistas de salud mental y la obtención de información externa sobre episodios previos contribuyen a consolidar la información clínica.
En cuanto al diagnóstico diferencial, resulta fundamental descartar otras condiciones, como trastornos de conversión o el malingering, donde la simulación de síntomas busca beneficios concretos (por ejemplo, evitar trabajos o conseguir indemnizaciones).
Los riesgos asociados con el trastorno facticio abarcan complicaciones físicas graves, intervenciones quirúrgicas innecesarias, exposición a medicamentos peligrosos y, en los casos graves, la muerte. También se suma un impacto emocional persistente, tanto en quienes padecen la afección como en sus familiares y cuidadores directos.
Las víctimas del síndrome de Munchausen por poderes, especialmente niñas y niños, pueden desarrollar trastornos de ansiedad, depresión o estrés postraumático.
De acuerdo con información de la NCBI Bookshelf, el tratamiento se centra en la psicoterapia, preferentemente en la modalidad cognitivo-conductual. Sin embargo, la adherencia suele ser baja, ya que la negación del trastorno constituye una de las barreras más frecuentes.
Los equipos de salud deben priorizar el bienestar físico y mental, limitar la realización de pruebas o tratamientos innecesarios y responsabilizarse del apoyo a largo plazo. Los familiares pueden colaborar acudiendo a terapias y participando en los planes de intervención.
El trastorno facticio, a pesar de ser poco frecuente, representa un desafío considerable para los sistemas sanitarios. Suele detectarse en la adultez temprana o mediana y afecta tanto a hombres como a mujeres, aunque ciertos subtipos muestran proporciones diferentes según el sexo.
Los casos de Munchausen por poderes que afectan a niños y adolescentes requieren la protección y la actuación de las autoridades. La rapidez en el reconocimiento y la denuncia puede salvar vidas y prevenir daños irreversibles.
No existe una causa única para el desarrollo de este trastorno. Estudios mencionados por la Mayo Clinic destacan la influencia de factores psicológicos, como traumas infantiles, el aislamiento social o la necesidad de atención y cuidado. No se demostró una relación genética directa, aunque algunos antecedentes psiquiátricos elevan el riesgo.
La prevención primaria es limitada, pero una acción rápida ante la sospecha puede evitar intervenciones peligrosas. En situaciones de peligro inminente para un menor, los profesionales recomiendan comunicarse con servicios de emergencia o líneas de ayuda especializadas.
doctor,enfermedad,mentir
INTERNACIONAL
¿Paquetes al espacio?: Viajar en cohete y dormir en una estación espacial privada, ida y vuelta por 100 millones de dólares
«Voluntad política»
Astronautas en la Estación Espacial Internacional. Foto: EFEModelo económico
La cápsula Crew Dragon. Foto: Reuters
La estación EEI, y la Tierra de fondo. Foto: AP
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Former FBI Director James Comey and New York Attorney General Letitia James are aiming to convince a federal judge on Thursday that Lindsey Halligan, who brought criminal charges against both of them, is an unlawful U.S. attorney.
Lawyers for Comey and James plan to make their arguments during a hearing in Virginia to Judge Cameron Currie, a Clinton appointee tasked with deciding Halligan’s fate.
President Donald Trump installed Halligan in September as the top prosecutor in the Eastern District of Virginia days after ousting Erik Siebert, who opposed charging Comey and James, two of the president’s top political nemeses. Amid the change, Trump posted a remarkable message to Attorney General Pam Bondi on Truth Social, indicating that he wanted revenge for his own prior prosecutions and that Bondi needed to act fast.
Halligan, a former insurance lawyer with no prosecutorial experience, brought the indictments almost immediately. Her name was the lone signature on each of them, and no Virginia prosecutors joined the case.
TRUMP’S US ATTORNEYS IN BLUE STATES FACE LEGAL CHALLENGES THAT COULD UPEND KEY PROSECUTIONS
President Donald Trump named lawyer Lindsey Halligan as interim U.S. Attorney Eastern District of Virginia in September. (Marco Bello/AFP via Getty Images)
In court briefs, Comey’s and James’ lawyers have said Halligan’s appointment was defective because Bondi improperly designated her as an interim U.S. attorney after Siebert had already served in that position, which had a 120-day term limit that had expired.
Because Halligan was the lone prosecutor to sign the grand jury indictments, legal experts have said that could be their fatal flaw if the courts deem her invalid.
Bondi has since said she retroactively ratified the indictments and designated Halligan a «special attorney» for the «avoidance of doubt,» according to court filings.
«In all events, the government has endorsed the prosecutions, and the Attorney General has personally ratified the indictments to obviate any question as to their validity,» DOJ lawyers wrote.
COMEY SEEKS TO TOSS CRIMINAL CASE CALLING TRUMP PROSECUTOR ‘UNLAWFUL’ APPOINTEE
Attorney General Pam Bondi speaks alongside President Donald Trump on recent Supreme Court rulings in the briefing room at the White House on June 27, 2025, in Washington, D.C. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)
Halligan’s appointment came as part of a series of maneuvers the Trump administration has made to bypass the Senate confirmation process and keep in place his preferred appointees in temporary capacities using loopholes in federal vacancy laws. Federal judges in New Jersey, California and Nevada have disqualified appointees in those states, and the New Jersey case is now pending before an appellate court. The issue could be bound for the Supreme Court.
Comey’s lawyers argued in court papers that Currie, the judge presiding over the issue, «should reject the government’s machinations.»
Comey is facing a charge that he made a false statement to Congress and James is facing a bank fraud allegation.
DOJ DEFENDS TRUMP TRUTH SOCIAL POST AS COMEY SEEKS TO HAVE CASE DISMISSED
Former FBI Director James Comey testifies before the Senate Intelligence Committee about his interactions with President Donald Trump and the Russia investigation on June 8, 2017, in Washington, D.C. (Cheriss May/NurPhoto via Getty Images)
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Both have pleaded not guilty and have argued their indictments should be tossed out on the grounds that Halligan was improperly appointed and that they were selectively and vindictively prosecuted.
If Comey’s and James’ charges were to be thrown out, it is unclear what would happen. The DOJ could appeal or attempt to bring them again, depending on how the courts rule.
Fox News’ Bill Mears and David Spunt contributed to this report.
justice department,pam bondi,judiciary,virginia,donald trump
INTERNACIONAL
Argentina reveals secret WWII files on Hitler’s henchmen who fled before, after the war
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Multiple documents featuring some of the worst Nazi war criminals were released and declassified earlier this year by Argentine President Javier Milei. The more than 1,850 documents comprise thousands of pages detailing the South American country’s efforts to track and verify the whereabouts of thousands of Nazis who fled Europe after World War II.
The catalyst for the effort came from the Senate Judiciary Committee and Chairman Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, who was credited by the Simon Wiesenthal Center for his efforts in getting Milei to release the documents.
Most of the materials relate to investigations carried out between the late 1950s and the 1980s and were digitized and made available on the nation’s General Archive website, along with secret, declassified presidential decrees from 1957 to 2005.
The original batch of documents released online is divided into seven large files roughly centered around the main Nazi criminals covered in them. There are multiple documents related to Adolf Eichmann, the engineer of the «Final Solution,» the plan for the extermination of European Jewry. He lived under the name Ricardo Klement around Buenos Aires until being captured by Mossad agents on Argentine soil and taken in a secret operation to stand trial in Jerusalem in 1960.
101-YEAR-OLD KRISTALLNACHT SURVIVOR WARNS CURRENT ERA ‘EQUIVALENT TO 1938’ ON ANNIVERSARY OF NAZI RIOT
Adolf Eichmann, in a bulletproof cabin, puts on earphones to hear the reading of the act of accusation against him, Dec. 17, 1961. He was in charge of the extermination of Jews in Poland and then organized the deportation and extermination of Jews in 13 European countries. (Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images)
Eichmann’s case features prominently in the files and there is contradicting evidence that the leftist, populist government of Juan Perón not only knew Eichmann was in the country but also made efforts to protect him.
Multiple documents also exist detailing the lives of Josef Mengele, the «angel of death» doctor from Auschwitz-Birkenau camps who lived in Argentina and escaped to Paraguay and Brazil, where he died in 1979.
Documents detailing the hunt for Martin Bormann, Hitler’s lieutenant and right-hand man, as well as Croatian murderer, Ante Pavelic, deputy führer and defector Rudolf Hoess and the so-called «butcher of Lyon,» Klaus Barbie, received special attention in the files.
NAZI OFFICER’S DAUGHTER CHARGED AFTER STOLEN WWII PAINTING SPOTTED IN REAL ESTATE LISTING
Three SS officers socialize on the grounds of the SS retreat outside of Auschwitz, 1944. From left to right they are: Richard Baer (commandant of Auschwitz), Dr. Josef Mengele and Rudolf Hoess (the former Auschwitz commandant). Mengele escaped to Argentina, later escaping to Paraguay and Brazil. (Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)
According to Harley Lippman, a member of the United States Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad and a board member of the European Jewish Association, the relevance of the release of the Argentinian documents cannot be understated.
«There are numerous questions that these documents can bring light to why a sophisticated society, far from the plagues of European antisemitism such as Argentina’s, agreed to hide Nazi criminals and their secrets for so long. What happened to the U-boats loaded with Nazi gold brought to the country and given to the authorities?» he asked.
«On the one hand, it is shameful that Argentina kept these documents a secret for so long, but on the other hand, we also need to acknowledge the enormous efforts being made by this government to make these documents public. While the historical significance is important, this is more important for Argentinians to be able to confront their demons as a society than for Jews,» Lippman said.
This 1950 Argentine federal police memo, marked strictly secret and confidential, seeks intelligence on Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz, suggesting that Argentine authorities were aware of his possible presence or activity in the region at that time. (General Archives of the Government of Argentina)
Adding to the large reveal, in May, while the Supreme Court of Argentina was undergoing renovations and transferring document collections to museums, a forgotten trove of 83 boxes of Nazi documents was discovered almost untouched in the basement of the institution. Upon inspection, the crates revealed documents intercepted by Argentine customs in 1941, sent from the German Third Reich Embassy in Tokyo, Japan, to Argentina’s capital, Buenos Aires, aboard the Japanese steamer Nan-a-Maru.
The documents had been sent as personal effects of embassy personnel but were intercepted under orders of the country’s minister for foreign affairs in order not to undermine Argentina’s neutral position in the war. The shipment became the subject of a probe by a commission investigating «anti-Argentine activities,» which led to the seizure and possession of the crates by the country’s supreme court, where they remained for nearly 84 years.
The finding of the boxes revealed multiple materials intended to propagate and consolidate the Third Reich’s and Hitler’s ideologies in Argentina and South America, possibly in an effort to bring neutral countries under the auspices of Germany.
MILEI SCORES HISTORIC WIN IN ARGENTINA MIDTERMS, TIGHTENS GRIP ON CONGRESS
The document recounts an Argentine police report describing a German fugitive, Walter Flegel, believed by some to be Martin Bormann, Hitler’s former deputy, living under a false identity in Argentina. It was later proven that the lead was incorrect and that Flegal was not Borman. Earlier this year, Argentina President Javier Milei declassified and released over 1,850 documents detailing Argentina’s efforts to track and verify the whereabouts of thousands of Nazi war criminals. (General Archives of the Government of Argentina)
After opening the boxes along with prominent members of the country’s Jewish community, the court issued a statement saying that «given the historical relevance of the find and the potential crucial information it could contain to clarify events related to the Holocaust,» an exhaustive survey of all the material was ordered.
The contents of the crates have not yet been made public, but Milei’s office has said that once all the documents have been digitized, they will also be declassified and made available.
Argentina’s chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, Guillermo Francos, has previously said Milei gave the order «because there is no reason to continue withholding that information, and it is no longer in the interest of the Republic of Argentina to keep such secrets.»
«Jews after World War II lived a golden age of about 80 years where antisemitism had subsided, at least apparently, and they could be productive and contributing members of society. This has now ended — partially because of the genocide committed against Israelis by Hamas on Oct. 7, 2023, with world opinion projecting on Israelis and Jews the false role of perpetrators of genocide in the war in Gaza, but also by bringing back the same old antisemitic views that had been alive in Germany and before then,» Lippman says.
A police officer stands in front of a cache of Nazi artifacts discovered in 2017, during a press conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2019. Argentine authorities found the cache in a secret room behind a bookcase and had uncovered the collection in the course of a wider investigation into artwork of suspicious origin found at a gallery in Buenos Aires. (Natacha Pisarenko/AP Photo)
«The fact that many people under 30 do not know or understand [the meaning of] the Holocaust is part of the reason why antisemitism is on the rise again. «The Holocaust was the largest systematic industrial killing of humans in history. This happened only 80 years ago. Young people seem not to be able to grasp the scale of this, but these documents can bring back the memory of what the Holocaust really was,» he said, comparing the propaganda war currently faced by Israel and Jews under a progressive and projectionist guise.
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Beyond the lives of senior Nazis who escaped to South America on the so-called «ratlines»—possibly under the auspices of certain local governments—Lippman said the documents could also provide important information regarding the role played by Swiss and Argentine banks.
«The Holocaust was the greatest theft in history. Many Swiss banks [which were the depositaries of Jewish money] would not release funds to sometimes a sole survivor from a family who perished in the Holocaust without a death certificate for their loved ones. But Auschwitz did not issue death certificates — they only issued ashes.»
anti semitism,south america,world war two,israel,holocaust
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