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Por qué el cerebro humano responde de forma única a las voces de chimpancés

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La investigación revela que solo los sonidos de chimpancés activan áreas cerebrales asociadas al reconocimiento de la voz humana – (Europa Press)

Científicos de la Universidad de Ginebra (UNIGE) analizaron la actividad cerebral de adultos expuestos a sonidos de primates y hallaron que solo los chimpancés provocaron una respuesta distintiva en regiones asociadas al reconocimiento de la voz.

El estudio, publicado en la revista eLife en versión preprint (sin validación de pares), fue dirigido por Leonardo Ceravolo y se centró en observar cómo el cerebro humano reacciona ante vocalizaciones de humanos, chimpancés, bonobos y macacos.

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La investigación incluyó a 23 adultos que escucharon 72 grabaciones —18 por especie—, seleccionadas para cubrir tanto contextos sociales positivos como negativos. Los participantes, recostados en un escáner de resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI), debían identificar la especie emisora de cada vocalización utilizando un teclado.

El análisis con resonancia magnética
El análisis con resonancia magnética funcional destaca la activación exclusiva de la circunvolución temporal superior por llamadas de chimpancés – (Imagen Ilustrativa Infobae)

Mediante fMRI, los científicos observaron la actividad de la corteza auditiva, especialmente la circunvolución temporal superior, área fundamental en el procesamiento de sonidos complejos como el lenguaje y las emociones.

Solo las llamadas de los chimpancés provocaron una activación significativa y exclusiva en la circunvolución temporal superior anterior (aSTG) de ambos hemisferios, dentro de las denominadas áreas temporales de la voz (TVA). Este resultado evidencia que el cerebro humano distingue de forma clara y específica las vocalizaciones de chimpancés, en contraste con bonobos o macacos, que no generaron respuestas comparables.

Aunque los bonobos son tan cercanos a los humanos genéticamente como los chimpancés, las vocalizaciones de ambos difieren notablemente en aspectos acústicos. Los bonobos presentan llamadas más próximas al canto de los pájaros, mientras los macacos se encuentran alejados tanto filogenéticamente como en el rango sonoro.

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El estudio sugiere que la
El estudio sugiere que la sensibilidad cerebral a señales vocales de primates podría ser un rasgo evolutivo ancestral – (EFE)

Los análisis acústicos confirmaron que las llamadas de los chimpancés son las más parecidas a la voz humana en parámetros clave como la frecuencia fundamental, lo que facilita la respuesta cerebral diferenciada. La doble proximidad —evolutiva y acústica— parece ser determinante.

Ceravolo afirmó: “Cuando los participantes escucharon las vocalizaciones de los chimpancés, esta respuesta fue claramente distinta de la provocada por los bonobos o los macacos”. Además, la especificidad de la respuesta cerebral se mantuvo incluso tras controlar variables acústicas y filogenéticas con tres modelos estadísticos distintos.

El estudio refuerza la hipótesis de que ciertas capacidades de procesamiento vocal son ancestrales y preceden al lenguaje articulado. Ceravolo explicó que existen áreas cerebrales en algunos animales que reaccionan especialmente a las voces de sus congéneres; ahora se ha demostrado que una región en el cerebro humano adulto —la circunvolución temporal anterosuperior— también es sensible a vocalizaciones de primates no humanos.

El estudio sugiere que la
El estudio sugiere que la sensibilidad cerebral a señales vocales de primates podría ser un rasgo evolutivo ancestral – (Imagen Ilustrativa Infobae)

Esto sugiere que la sensibilidad a determinadas señales vocales podría haberse conservado evolutivamente, y que el reconocimiento de la voz, incluso en etapas tempranas del desarrollo humano, estaría vinculado a mecanismos neuronales compartidos con otros primates.

El trabajo de la UNIGE aporta evidencia de que la respuesta cerebral humana a sonidos no humanos puede depender de la proximidad evolutiva y acústica. Hasta la fecha, la mayoría de investigaciones centraba su análisis en voces humanas o animales domésticos y no hallaba activaciones específicas en las TVA ante sonidos de otras especies. Este estudio demuestra que bajo ciertas condiciones, el cerebro humano responde selectivamente a vocalizaciones de primates no humanos.

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Entre las limitaciones, el estudio se restringió a cuatro especies de primates, lo que limita la generalización, y no se emplearon estímulos acústicos sintetizados para aislar variables aún más. Los autores subrayan que serán necesarias investigaciones futuras que amplíen la variedad de especies y profundicen en el efecto de las características acústicas sobre la activación cerebral.

La investigación de la Universidad de Ginebra abre un nuevo camino para comprender la continuidad evolutiva del procesamiento de señales vocales y su conexión con el lenguaje. Los autores prevén que la integración de técnicas bioacústicas y de neuroimagen funcional, junto con el estudio de más especies, permitirá identificar con mayor precisión los mecanismos neuronales que sustentan la comunicación vocal en humanos y otros primates.

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¿Guiños a EEUU?: las medidas adoptadas por la dictadura de Nicaragua tras la captura de Nicolás Maduro

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Especialistas aseguran que el régimen de Ortega y Murillo busca un acercamiento a EEUU (AP Foto/Alfredo Zuniga)

El dictador sandinista Daniel Ortega, en el poder en Nicaragua desde 2007, ha guardado su retórica antiimperialista, ha excarcelado a presos políticos, ha nombrado a una nueva encargada de negocios en Washington, y ha restablecido el requisito de visado para ciudadanos de 128 países que generalmente usaban Managua como puente para acercase a EEUU, desde la caída de su entonces aliado venezolano, el narcodictador Nicolás Maduro, quien fue capturado por fuerzas norteamericanas el pasado 3 de enero.

La última medida del régimen de Nicaragua, el viernes pasado, fue el restablecimiento del requisito de visa para ciudadanos de 128 países, entre ellos a los de Cuba, Venezuela, China, Irán, Siria, Haití y naciones africanas, en medio de las presiones de la Administración de Donald Trump por la migración irregular.

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Estas son las medidas más importantes adoptadas por el régimen nicaragüense que dirige Ortega junto a su esposa, Rosario Murillo, desde la caída de Maduro, el pasado 3 de enero, quienes, según expertos, buscan una negociación con Washington.

Las nuevas restricciones al visado
Las nuevas restricciones al visado en Nicaragua excluyen a ciudadanos con pasaportes diplomáticos u oficiales, según acuerdos bilaterales vigentes (Cortesía: Redes sociales)

Nicaragua impuso nuevamente el requisito de visado para ciudadanos de 128 países luego de haber establecido, en los últimos cuatro años, acuerdos de libre visados con Cuba y con países africanos.

EEUU había tildado de “preocupante” la política de puertas abiertas que aplicaba el régimen nicaragüense para facilitar la migración de forma irregular hacia el país norteamericano a través de Managua, donde aterrizaban vuelos chárter procedentes de países de África, Asia y Europa.

Indígenas detenidos por la dictaudra
Indígenas detenidos por la dictaudra de Daniel Ortega y Rosario Murillo

El pasado 10 de enero, en el marco del aniversario de los 19 años en el poder que lleva Ortega de forma consecutiva, Nicaragua excarceló a decenas de presos políticos. Esa excarcelación se produjo un día después de que la embajada de Estados Unidos en Managua recordara que tras el “paso importante” dado por Venezuela para liberar a “un gran número de presos políticos”, en Nicaragua también hay “más de 60 personas” que siguen “injustamente detenidas o desaparecidas”.

Washington ha estado presionando por una “liberación incondicional” y no excarcelación de los presos políticos. También ha abogado en las últimas horas por la liberación “inmediata” e “incondicional” de un grupo de guardabosques indígenas de la etnia mayangna, de quienes, dijo, “siguen injustamente detenidos por denunciar valientemente la corrupción de la dictadura” de Ortega y Murillo.

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Rosario Murillo fue designada como
Rosario Murillo fue designada como «copresidenta» por el régimen de Ortega

El 10 de enero pasado, las autoridades estadounidenses insistieron en sus presiones: “Hoy, la brutal dictadura Murillo-Ortega ‘celebra’ 19 años de lo que debía haber sido un mandato democrático de cinco años”. “Los nicaragüenses votaron por un presidente en el 2006, no por una dinastía ilegítima vitalicia. Reescribir la Constitución y aplastar a la disidencia no borrarán las aspiraciones de los nicaragüenses de vivir libres de la tiranía”, señaló EEUU en su mensaje.

El 30 de enero, EEUU acusó a Murillo de haberse inventado “una ‘copresidencia’ para consolidar su control ilegítimo sobre Nicaragua: sin elecciones, sin mandato, sin legitimidad”, porque sabe “que no puede ganar” en un proceso electoral libre, y la tildó de “cobarde”.

Murillo, que era vicepresidenta de Nicaragua desde 2017 y designada copresidenta desde febrero de 2025 a través de esa reforma constitucional, ha guardado silencio desde entonces.

Por otro lado, Ortega, acostumbrado a un verbo encendido contra “los imperialistas de la Tierra”, ha guardado sus adjetivos desde la captura de Maduro, aunque sí ha demandado el respeto a la soberanía de Venezuela, la liberación de su aliado, y que cesen las “amenazas” contra Cuba.

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Ortega y Maduro fueron estrechos
Ortega y Maduro fueron estrechos aliados hasta la caída del dictador venezolano (REUTERS/Leonardo Fernandez Viloria)

En medio de esa escalada, Nicaragua nombró a Guisell Morales como nueva encargada de negocios en EEUU, donde Managua no tiene embajador desde febrero de 2024. Morales se desempeñaba como ministra Asesora para Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales.

Según un análisis del Centro de Estudios Transdisciplinarios de Centroamérica (Cetcam), Ortega y Murillo buscan una negociación con Estados Unidos tras la caída de Maduro.

Una postura que comparte Luis Fley, dirigente de la Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense (FDN), quien dijo a EFE que “a lo único que le teme la dictadura Ortega-Murillo es a la presión norteamericana”, y que ahora tienen “un espejo en qué verse, que es el espejo de Maduro”.

(Con información de EFE)

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Chicago-area teacher breaks silence after losing job over 2-word Facebook post supporting ICE: ‘Devastating’

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FIRST ON FOX: A Chicago area teacher who was forced to resign from his position over his Facebook post saying «Go ICE» is speaking out about the emotional and financial toll he has suffered as a result.

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«This process has been professionally and personally devastating and surreal,» former West Chicago teacher James Heidorn told Fox News Digital in his first public comments about the situation. 

«I’ve spent 14 years building my career, pouring my heart into teaching kids, building relationships and being a positive role model. To see it all upended over two simple words, ‘Go ICE,’ where I expressed my personal support for law enforcement felt like a severe blow to my career.»

In late January, Fox News Digital first reported that the longtime teacher at Gary Elementary School in a heavily Hispanic district was placed on leave after local activists in the community began sharing his Facebook post that said «GO ICE» in response to a news story about a local police department saying they would cooperate with ICE. 

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A West Chicago PE teacher who resigned over a Facebook post supporting ICE is speaking out about what happened.

On Thursday, Jan. 22, Heidorn was first notified by school officials that they had seen the growing social media chatter about his post. He briefly quit after meeting with HR staff before rescinding his resignation the same day. Heidorn was set to return to school to teach on Monday while the school investigated.

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Around the same time, Illinois Democratic state Sen. Karina Villa, who was captured on video in September chasing down ICE agents in the street, publicly expressed outrage over the post and said she stands in «unwavering solidarity» with families upset about the «disturbing comments reportedly made by an educator.»

On that Saturday, before an investigation had been concluded, West Chicago Mayor Daniel Bovey took to Facebook and posted a video explaining why Heidorn’s comments were «hurtful» and «offensive» to many in the community.

«The issue is we have trusted adults who are the ones that care for those kids when they can’t be with their mom and their dad,» Bovey said. «So to have someone cavalierly rooting on — as if it’s a football game or something, yeah go — events which have traumatized these children… that is the issue.»

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Over the weekend, parents online were encouraging each other to keep their students home from school as a form of protest, and many in the community began criticizing Heidorn. 

The city of West Chicago held a «listening session» on Jan. 26 at the request of Bovey, that included a Spanish translator, where a variety of parents and locals expressed concerns about the post, including a woman who said «kids do not feel safe» as a result of the post and another woman who said the post was «cruel.»

«This started with a two-word comment on my personal Facebook page supporting law enforcement—nothing more,» Heidorn said. «It wasn’t directed at any student, family or school community. Second, I was placed on leave and faced intense pressure before any full investigation or fair process could play out, with this it led to my resignation.» 

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«Third, I lost my career, my income and the chance to close out my time with my students properly—no farewell, no goodbyes.»

Ultimately, Heidorn resigned a second time rather than be terminated after a hearing with school officials.

In a statement to Fox News Digital at the time that Heidorn was on leave in January, a West Chicago Elementary School District 33 spokesperson referred to the social media post as «disruptive» and said, «We understand that this situation has raised concerns and caused disruption for students, families and staff.»

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Teachers all across the United States have taken to the streets in recent weeks, causing disruptions in favor of far-left causes, including in Chicago, where teachers stormed a local Target and harassed employees, to protest President Donald Trump’s immigration policies without facing pushback or repercussions from local school districts. 

TOP TEACHERS UNION UNDER FIRE AS LAWMAKERS PUSH TO STRIP UNION OF UNIQUE FEDERAL CHARTER: ‘LOST THEIR WAY’

Gary Elementary in West Chicago

Gary Elementary School in West Chicago (Google Maps)

«Most importantly, this is bigger than me: it’s about whether personal opinions expressed outside of work can cost someone their livelihood without due process,» Heidorn said. «I hope to see free speech matters, even when it’s unpopular.»

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«It does feel like a double standard—due to my viewpoint being different from others within the community that I taught in. I feel that we should all be able to coexist with our personal political viewpoints. Fairness should apply equally, regardless of those viewpoints. If personal political speech is grounds for punishment, it should be consistent—not selective based on what side you’re on. I believe in free speech for all, and that’s what I hope comes out of all this.»

Heidorn has received some support from the local community, including a GoFundMe page calling him a «beloved physical education teacher» who «showed up every day for his students.»

«Emotionally, it’s been a roller coaster that has me feeling a great deal of shock, loss and deep sadness over losing daily contact with my students,» Heidorn said. «Feelings of anger and frustration at how quickly things escalated without real dialogue, and grief for not getting to say a proper goodbye to the kids I cared so much for. I’ve had sleepless nights, but I’m trying to stay focused on my family and the support I’ve received from people who know the real me.»

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Heidorn, who also lost his employment working as a soccer coach at a nearby private school, told Fox News Digital that one of the most difficult aspects of being forced from his job was losing the relationships he built with his students of all backgrounds over his long career. 

Asked what he would tell his students if given the opportunity to address the situation with them directly, Heidorn said the online outrage «isn’t the full story» and is «just noise from people who don’t know me.»

«To my students: I want you to know that I care about you deeply and always have. The person you knew in class—the one who encouraged you, played with you and cheered you on—is still the same person,» Heidorn said. «I always tried to provide the best learning environment and great atmosphere for us all to grow. I have always had your best interest in mind by showing passion, support, care, and safety no matter what.»

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Heidorn added, «I would never want any of you to feel unsafe or unloved. You are amazing kids, and I’m proud of every moment we shared. I know I can’t change people’s minds for those who are angry, upset and have lost trust in me, and I am sorry for that because I always had my students and the community’s best interests in mind, and I never intended to cause fear or harm to them or their families.»

CHICAGO TEACHERS UNION PROMOTES VENEZUELA REGIME CHANGE PROTESTS ORGANIZED BY SOCIALIST GROUPS

ICE police patrol a street

Federal ICE officers walk down a suburban street. (Christopher Dilts/Getty Images)

Fox News Digital reached out to the district for a specific comment on what rule Heidorn violated by posting support for law enforcement on Facebook and if teachers who are publicly «disruptive» against or antagonize ICE will be treated the same way. The district did not respond. 

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When reached for comment, Bovey pushed back on the suggestion he inflamed the situation with his Facebook video, saying, «Personally, I wish the teacher well.»

«The teacher used his First Amendment rights to make a statement,» Bovey said. «Others used their First Amendment rights in commenting on the situation. The school board took appropriate action to go through the due process of investigating a situation which had adversely impacted the education of children. The public used their First Amendment rights to comment (in favor and against) the actions of the school board and then the teacher made a decision to resign. At the end of the day, though there were frustrations on both sides, which were stoked by inaccurate social media posts, this is how democracy works.»

Bovey added, «Despite a lot of vitriolic comments from people across the country who were misinformed by social media, our local community seems remarkably unified.»

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Heidorns said he has always taken his role «extremely seriously» over his 14-year career and that his reputation was «built on showing up every day, being reliable, fair and genuinely invested in my students’ growth.»

«My students’ successes are what drove me more than you could know,» Heidorn said. «I never brought politics into my teaching; my focus was always on my students. Losing that connection hurts more than anything, and I want people to know I never intended to harm or divide anyone.»

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The «Greetings from Chicago» mural brightens a street in the Logan Square neighborhood on March 30, 2018. (Patrick Gorski/NurPhoto via Getty Images)

Going forward, Heidorn will be required to inform future school districts he applies to that he resigned and provide specifics why, which leaves any potential of furthering his career in the area unclear. 

«I really don’t know what is next for me, as the teaching profession has been, up to this point in time, all that I ever wanted to do,» he explained. «It is all I have ever studied for and teaching is what has defined me. Even advancing my education with a master’s degree in educational leadership because I wanted to become the best teacher I can be.»

«With that said—I’m exploring options in education or related fields, but I’m also taking time to heal and learn from this experience. I want people to know I’m grateful for the outpouring of support from those who reached out, donated or shared my story. It reminds me that most people value fairness and second chances. I’m determined to move forward positively and keep contributing to kids’ lives in whatever way I can.»

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Israeli intelligence sources reject claims Jeffrey Epstein was Mossad operative following document releases

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A wave of recent reporting and newly released documents detailing the relationship between former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Jeffrey Epstein has reignited claims that Epstein worked for Israel’s Mossad, a theory Israeli intelligence sources and senior political leaders are forcefully rejecting.

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Ex-Israeli intelligence officials told Fox News Digital that Epstein never worked for Mossad, describing the allegation as baseless and inconsistent with how the agency operates.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu publicly pushed back on the claims, writing on X: «Jeffrey Epstein’s unusual close relationship with Ehud Barak doesn’t suggest Epstein worked for Israel. It proves the opposite.»

PRINCESS SOFIA OF SWEDEN BREAKS SILENCE ON EPSTEIN ENCOUNTERS AFTER DOJ FILE RELEASE

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In the same post, Netanyahu escalated his criticism, writing: «Stuck on his election loss from over two decades ago, Barak has for years obsessively attempted to undermine Israeli democracy by working with the anti-Zionist radical left in failed attempts to overthrow the elected Israeli government.»

Former Prime Minister Naftali Bennett also sharply dismissed the accusations, writing: «As a former Israeli Prime Minister, with the Mossad having reported directly to me, I say to you with 100% certainty: The accusation that Jeffrey Epstein somehow worked for Israel or the Mossad ran a blackmail ring is categorically and totally false. Epstein’s conduct, both the criminal and the merely despicable, had nothing whatsoever to do with the Mossad or the State of Israel. Epstein never worked for the Mossad.»

Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak is seen in this handout image from the estate of late financier and convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein, released by Democrats on the House Oversight Committee on Dec. 12, 2025. (House Oversight Committee Democrats/Handout via Reuters)

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Ex-Mossad director Yossi Cohen also rejected the claims in a podcast interview with The Free Press, saying Epstein had «absolutely nothing» to do with the Mossad — «not an agent, not an operative, nothing.»

The strong denials come amid renewed scrutiny of emails, financial records and communications included in U.S. Justice Department materials and other public reporting, none of which indicate that Epstein cooperated with Israeli intelligence.

Barak, who served as prime minister from 1999 to 2001 and later as defense minister in Netanyahu’s government, has become one of Netanyahu’s most vocal political opponents. 

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PRINCE WILLIAM’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHARITY REPORTED OVER PARTNER’S EPSTEIN TIES

Picture of former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak

Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak during a press conference on July 25, 2019, in Tel Aviv. (Amir Levy/Getty Images)

In a statement to Fox News Digital, Barak’s office fired back, describing Netanyahu’s remarks as politically motivated and reiterating that he regrets ever meeting Epstein while denying any wrongdoing.

«Barak has repeatedly and publicly stated that he regrets ever meeting Jeffrey Epstein. There is no credible allegation—none—that Barak engaged in any illegal or inappropriate conduct,» the statement said.

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Barak’s office also called Netanyahu’s attacks «the desperate acts of a failed and panicked politician» and «a pathetic attempt to divert attention from his catastrophic record,» accusing the prime minister of attempting to shift blame for national failures.

Newly surfaced materials continue to document Barak’s personal and professional interactions with Epstein, including stays at Epstein’s New York apartment and meetings arranged through the financier.

EXCLUSIVE: EPSTEIN EMAILS RELEASED AS DOJ SAYS NO CRIMINAL OR INAPPROPRIATE CONDUCT BY TRUMP

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Jeffrey Epstein was found dead in federal custody in 2019. (New York State Sex Offender Registry via AP, File)

Emails cited in document releases describe the apartment as being used by Barak and his then-wife during visits to the United States, with staff coordinating logistics and maintenance requests tied to the property.

Other communications referenced financial ties and introductions facilitated by Epstein, including meetings with prominent business figures, as well as broader correspondence and internal notes referencing allegations, warnings and speculation surrounding Epstein’s activities.

Barak has acknowledged meeting Epstein multiple times and said he regrets the association. In a previous interview, he said he never witnessed improper behavior and never participated in anything illegal.

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«At times during my occasional visits to the United States, I was sometimes a participant in a breakfast or lunch or dinner at his New York townhouse, together with respected American public figures,» Barak said. «At no point in my dealings with him did I ever witness any improper behavior, and I certainly never participated in anything like that.»

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