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Senate approves Peter Hoekstra as next US ambassador to Canada

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Canada has a new U.S. ambassador to sort through its strained relations with Washington as the Senate on Wednesday approved President Donald Trump’s nomination of Peter Hoekstra in a 60-37 vote. 

His confirmation as U.S. ambassador to Canada comes at one of the most challenging times in Washington’s long relationship with its northern neighbor after Trump launched a series of tariffs targeting Ottawa and repeatedly claimed he believes Canada should become the U.S.’s 51st state. 

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But despite heightened concerns over Trump’s ambitions for Canada, particularly among Democratic lawmakers, Hoekstra’s Senate confirmation process was a relatively smooth road.  

TRUMP PICKS FORMER CONGRESSMAN PETE HOEKSTRA TO BE AMBASSADOR TO CANADA

Peter Hoekstra, President Trump’s nominee for U.S. ambassador to Canada, attends his Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing on trade, security and other U.S. interests. (Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images)

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«I do have a special appreciation for Canada as a neighbor,» he told senators at his confirmation hearing last month.

Following questions from Delaware Democrat Sen. Christopher Coons, Hoekstra affirmed that «Canada is a sovereign state.»

However, he declined to comment on the president’s repeated desire to incorporate Canada as the next U.S. state – a proposal Ottawa has consistently rejected.

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«How the president and the relationship between the former prime minister in Canada and the characteristics, the nature of that relationship… I don’t know,» he added.

The Michigan lawmaker and former ambassador to the Netherlands during President Trump’s first term referenced his state’s close ties to Canada during his opening remarks last month before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

«My home state is connected to Canada by four and soon to be five, bridge crossings along maritime board, across the Great Lakes, vital lakes that drive businesses, jobs and livelihoods in both states,» Hoekstra highlighted. «If confirmed, I will work tirelessly to build on that record of cooperation extended, obviously nationally.»

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CANADA STARES DOWN CONSEQUENCES OF TRUMP TARIFF WAR: JOB LOSSES, GROCERY PRICE HIKES, POSSIBLE RECESSION

US trade with canada

A truck with vehicles crosses the Blue Water Bridge border into the United States from Sarnia, Canada on April 3, 2025. (Geoff Robins/AFP via Getty Images)

Canada is the U.S.’s largest trading partner and the number one purchaser of U.S. goods.

«I think there’s 36 states that see Canada as their number one trading partner internationally,» Hoekstra confirmed. 

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The U.S. is also, by far, Canada’s largest trading partner and top purchaser of Canadian goods, but Trump has repeatedly called the relationship «unfair.» 

In 2023, the U.S. imported some $443 billion worth of goods, accounting for 72% of all Canadian exports, while Canada imported $317 billion U.S. goods, accounting for 49% of Ottawa’s total imports.

TRUMP SAYS CANADA WOULD HAVE NO TARIFFS AS 51ST STATE, AS OBSERVERS BRACE FOR TRADE WAR

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Trump applauds after Howard Lutnick was sworn in as U.S. commerce secretary in the Oval Office at the White House on Feb. 21, 2025. (Win McNamee/Getty Images)

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In response, Trump slapped Ottawa with a blanket 25% tariff on all Canadian imports in a move to dissuade American consumers from purchasing Canadian goods, with the exception of energy imports, which saw a 10% tariff. 

Additionally, Trump announced a 25% tariff on all imported vehicles and parts, which will also drastically affect Canada as automobiles are a chief export item to the U.S. 

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Johnson shuts down House to pressure Schumer as government standstill nears one month

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Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., has canceled votes in the House of Representatives for a fourth straight week as the government shutdown shows no signs of ending.

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Johnson’s move is a part of his continued pressure strategy on Senate Democrats and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., who have sunk the GOP’s federal funding plan 12 times since Sept. 19, when the House passed the measure.

Sept. 19 was also the last day the House was in session, meaning lawmakers have been largely in their home districts for over a month.

Republicans are pushing a short-term extension of fiscal year (FY) 2025 spending levels through Nov. 21 — called a continuing resolution (CR) — aimed at giving congressional negotiators time to strike a longer-term deal for FY2026. 

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SCREAMING MATCH ERUPTS BETWEEN HAKEEM JEFFRIES, MIKE LAWLER AS GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN CHAOS CONTINUES

House Speaker Mike Johnson, right, is canceling House votes to pressure Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, left, for refusing to agree to a GOP-led plan to avert a government shutdown. (Kent Nishimura/Bloomberg via Getty Images; Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images)

Democrats, furious at being sidelined in federal funding discussions, have been withholding their support for any spending bill that does not also extend COVID-19 pandemic-era enhanced Obamacare subsidies that are due to expire at the end of this year.

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Johnson’s decision was made public on Friday afternoon during a brief pro forma session in the House. Under rules dictated by the Constitution, the chamber must meet for brief periods every few days called «pro forma» sessions to ensure continuity, even if there are no formal legislative matters at hand.

Pro forma sessions can also be opportunities for lawmakers to give brief speeches or introduce legislation that they otherwise would not have. 

Democrats have criticized Johnson’s decision, with House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., telling reporters that House Republicans have been «on vacation for the last four weeks.»

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The government is in a shutdown after Congress failed to reach an agreement on federal funding. (Getty Images)

Republicans, however, have largely stayed united behind Johnson as the shutdown continues.

«I mean, if all of a sudden the Senate wants to pass a clean CR, I would imagine there are some options on the table that we can pursue to get things back on track,» said Rep. Adrian Smith, R-Neb., who presided over the House chamber on Friday. 

«I would defer, ultimately, to [leadership’s] decisions for the schedule. But right now, I don’t see any sign that we need to change what has been on the counter.»

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But there have been several notable defections. Both Reps. Kevin Kiley, R-Calif., and Marjorie Taylor Greene, R-Ga., have made their criticism of Johnson’s strategy known publicly for weeks.

«I believe very strongly that it’s the wrong decision,» Kiley told MSNBC earlier this week, adding House lawmakers were not «doing all the things we’re supposed to be doing» aside from figuring out how to end the shutdown.

BATTLEGROUND REPUBLICANS HOLD THE LINE AS JOHNSON PRESSURES DEMS ON SHUTDOWN

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Rep. Kevin Kiley, seen in August 2023, has been critical of Johnson’s shutdown strategy. (Scott Strazzante-Pool/Getty Images)

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Multiple House lawmakers have also raised concerns about being out of session on private weekly calls that Johnson holds with members of the GOP conference.

Rep. Beth Van Duyne, R-Texas, was the most recent House Republican to suggest the GOP could be in a stronger position if they were back in Washington, Fox News Digital was told.

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«I think the longer that we are out, the messaging is starting to get old,» Van Duyne told fellow House Republicans on their Tuesday call.

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US deploys Ford carrier strike group to combat narco-terror in Western Hemisphere

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The Trump administration has ordered the deployment of the Gerald R. Ford Carrier Strike Group in the Western Hemisphere as the U.S. continues to target suspected drug smuggling vessels in the Caribbean.  

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«In support of the President’s directive to dismantle Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) and counter narco-terrorism in defense of the Homeland, the Secretary of War has directed the Gerald R. Ford Carrier Strike Group and embarked carrier air wing to the U.S. Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) area of responsibility (AOR),» chief Pentagon Spokesman Sean Parnell said in a statement Friday.  

«The enhanced U.S. force presence in the USSOUTHCOM AOR will bolster U.S. capacity to detect, monitor, and disrupt illicit actors and activities that compromise the safety and prosperity of the United States homeland and our security in the Western Hemisphere,» he added. «These forces will enhance and augment existing capabilities to disrupt narcotics trafficking and degrade and dismantle TCOs.»

The Trump administration has ordered a number of strikes in the Caribbean aimed at dismatling and disrupting drug cartels in the region. 

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Most recently, War Secretary Pete Hegseth announced on Thursday that a strike on a vessel allegedly operated by members of Tren de Aragua (TdA), a Designated Terrorist Organization (DTO), killed six alleged narco-terrorists.

This story is breaking. Please check back for updates.  



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La neurociencia revela cómo se forman y modifican los hábitos

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La repetición y la estabilidad del entorno son claves para consolidar hábitos, según la investigación. (Imagen Ilustrativa Infobae)

La neurociencia ha demostrado que los hábitos, esos comportamientos automáticos que moldean la rutina diaria y repercuten en la salud mental, surgen de la interacción entre dos sistemas cerebrales: uno responsable de responder a estímulos y otro orientado por metas y creencias.

Esta perspectiva, presentada mediante un estudio publicado en enero de 2025 por investigadores del Trinity College Dublin, está transformando la comprensión sobre la formación y modificación de los hábitos, con efectos directos en la vida cotidiana y en el tratamiento de trastornos compulsivos.

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Eike Buabang y su equipo destacan el denominado marco de doble sistema. Este concepto, respaldado por la neurociencia cognitiva, sostiene que los hábitos resultan del equilibrio entre un sistema de control dirigido por objetivos —basado en la evaluación consciente de acciones y resultados— y un sistema estímulo-respuesta, que automatiza conductas frente a señales familiares.

Cuando el sistema estímulo-respuesta domina, las personas tienden a repetir acciones sin analizar su relación con metas actuales, lo que puede derivar en errores, impulsividad o conductas compulsivas. Como señalan Buabang y sus colegas: “Los hábitos pueden entenderse como un balance entre un sistema impulsado por estímulos, basado en asociaciones estímulo-respuesta, y un sistema dirigido por objetivos, basado en expectativas acción-resultado y metas valoradas”.

Romper hábitos arraigados requiere debilitar
Romper hábitos arraigados requiere debilitar asociaciones estímulo-respuesta y crear alternativas.(Imagen Ilustrativa Infobae)

La formación de hábitos responde a varios mecanismos clave. Destaca la repetición, ya que cada vez que una conducta se repite en un contexto similar, las conexiones neuronales entre estímulo y respuesta se refuerzan, facilitando su automatización. No obstante, el estudio muestra que la evidencia es dispar sobre cuántas repeticiones se requieren: algunos trabajos sitúan el rango entre 18 y 254 días, según el tipo de hábito y características de la persona.

El refuerzo —la obtención de consecuencias positivas tras la acción— fortalece los hábitos, gracias en parte a la dopamina en regiones cerebrales como el putamen posterior. Además, cuando se desactivan los procesos dirigidos por objetivos, por presión de tiempo, estrés o distracción, el sistema estímulo-respuesta asume el control. La estabilidad del contexto favorece la consolidación de los hábitos, ya que la repetición en entornos previsibles disminuye la necesidad de supervisión consciente y permite que las acciones se encadenen de modo automático.

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Existen diferencias individuales y neurobiológicas que influyen en la facilidad para formar o interrumpir hábitos. La estructura y actividad de circuitos como el putamen y la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral varían entre personas, lo que explica por qué algunos adquieren hábitos con rapidez mientras que otros precisan más tiempo o repeticiones. Además, la intensidad de las señales contextuales, la frecuencia de repetición y la motivación —tanto intrínseca como extrínseca— modulan este proceso. Según la investigación: “La duración necesaria para formar un hábito varía considerablemente entre individuos”, lo que resalta la importancia de personalizar las estrategias de intervención.

Romper hábitos arraigados requiere debilitar las asociaciones estímulo-respuesta, evitar los estímulos desencadenantes, potenciar la inhibición dirigida por objetivos y, en muchos casos, crear hábitos alternativos que compitan con los anteriores. La extinción de un hábito no elimina las conexiones previas, sino que genera una nueva asociación entre el contexto y la ausencia de respuesta, lo que explica la propensión a recaer frente a los estímulos originales.

Estrategias como la evitación de contextos problemáticos, el entrenamiento en inhibición y la formación de intenciones de implementación (“si ocurre X, haré Y”) presentan eficacia tanto en entornos experimentales como en la vida cotidiana. Estas técnicas operan en terapias conductuales y farmacológicas, y pueden potenciarse mediante intervenciones como la estimulación cerebral no invasiva, que refuerza el control ejecutivo.

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El estudio del Trinity College
El estudio del Trinity College Dublin destaca el papel de dos sistemas cerebrales en la creación de rutinas. (The Hospital for Sick Children SickKids)

Las aplicaciones clínicas de estos avances resultan especialmente relevantes en trastornos compulsivos, como el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC), las adicciones y los trastornos alimentarios. En estos casos, se identifica un déficit en el control dirigido por objetivos, lo que favorece la aparición de hábitos patológicos. Como advierte la investigación: “El trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, el trastorno por consumo de sustancias y los trastornos alimentarios están vinculados a déficits en el control dirigido por objetivos, posiblemente explicados por una dimensión transdiagnóstica de compulsividad”.

Las terapias más eficaces combinan la exposición a los estímulos desencadenantes, la prevención de la respuesta habitual y el refuerzo de conductas alternativas, lo que permite abordar tanto mecanismos automáticos como procesos conscientes.

A pesar de estos avances, la investigación actual enfrenta desafíos metodológicos y conceptuales. Persisten dificultades para replicar hallazgos clave en humanos y continúa el debate sobre la suficiencia del modelo de doble sistema. Buabang y sus colegas proponen modelos más complejos, integrando la interacción dinámica entre hábitos de pensamiento, creencias automáticas y conductas. La transferencia de hábitos entre contextos y la resistencia al cambio figuran como áreas de estudio aún en desarrollo.

Hacia el futuro, la investigación subraya la importancia de profundizar en los mecanismos subyacentes a la formación y alteración de hábitos, así como adaptar las intervenciones a las distintas características individuales y contextuales. Solo mediante una comprensión más precisa de estos procesos será posible diseñar estrategias realmente eficaces para promover cambios conductuales duraderos y mejorar el abordaje de trastornos relacionados con la compulsividad.

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