As Democrats continue to withhold funding for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), former agency leaders argue their demands for new guardrails would mark the most direct congressional intervention in the agency’s operations — a turn for a post-9/11 agency that has largely defined its own operations.

John Sandweg, a former acting director of Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and a former general counsel for DHS, said Congress has occasionally given ICE instruction but stayed away from managing its operations.

«There had been some congressional mandates, some of them through appropriations, some through authorizing statutes that compelled the creation of this system,» Sandweg said.

Sarah Saldaña, former director of ICE from 2014 to 2017, believes it’s unusual for Congress to get into the weeds of how any agency carries out its mission.

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«Congress has a legitimate role in oversight in the expenditure of any taxpayer funds, including ICE’s expenditure, whether it’s proper or not. It has nothing to do with dictating specific operations or tactics,» Saldaña said, while noting she’s not surprised by the attention the agency’s recent tactics have received from lawmakers.

«But Congress doesn’t operate anything. They pass statutes.»

ICE’s operational autonomy has led to its enforcement to look different through the years since its founding in 2003. Especially at its outset, this allowed the agency to wander from its focus, according to Sandweg. But it’s also that flexibility that he believes has allowed President Donald Trump to aggressively push its immigration enforcement operations.

In response to Trump’s ICE crackdown and two deadly encounters between immigration enforcement and civilians, Democrat demands include an end to roving patrols, a ban on mask use and visible identification for agents.

Democrats say they won’t vote to fund the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which includes ICE, until those changes are made.

DHS funding lapsed at the end of last week.

ICE originally stemmed from the Homeland Security Act of 2002 — the bill that created DHS as a whole in response to the Sept. 11 terror attacks. Although the agency and its operations were new, the laws ICE was tasked with enforcing had been on the books long before that.

«We’re statutory,» Saldaña said. «We were created after September 11th as a part of all that confusion with respect to intelligence regarding the visa overstays that ended up blowing up the World Trade Center.»

That law charged DHS with assuming many of the country’s existing immigration functions: the Border Patrol program, detention and removal, intelligence, investigations and inspections. But it also came without any operational framework and didn’t even mention ICE by name.

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Smoke pours from the twin towers of the World Trade Center after they were hit by two hijacked airliners in a terrorist attack September 11, 2001, in New York City. (Robert Giroux/Getty Images)

In 2004 spending legislation, lawmakers gave the agency $2.1 billion in funding along with its first congressional directives.

ICE was told to set aside $100,000 for public awareness of a child pornography tipline, $500,000 for reimbursing other federal agencies and their work on recovering smuggled illegal aliens, $3 million for enforcing laws against child labor and a handful of other instructions.

Jessica Vaughan, director of policy studies at the Center for Immigration Studies, a conservative immigration policy group, explained that ICE officials back then wanted to stay clear of immigration enforcement.

«They wanted to devote resources to child sex trafficking and counterfeit goods and gangs and things like that while not doing routine immigration enforcement,» Vaughan said.

«The ex-customs people in charge, they were like, ‘Yeah, we’re not doing this immigration stuff anymore.’ They wanted to do stuff that was not as politically sensitive,» she said.

Sandweg agreed and described the culture as a kind of internal conflict that stretched into the Obama years.

«It was a bit of a culture war, right?» Sandweg said. «Is it going to be more of this immigration-focused stuff, looking at worksite enforcement and employers who might be cheating? Or is it gonna be more investigating banks for not having adequate money laundering controls and things like that?»

«That second culture took over, the customs culture,» Sandweg recalled.

However, Saldaña disagrees that the agency really ever had another focus other than immigration enforcement.

«There’s always been a clear mandate,» Saldaña said.

«Now, every administration has its own enforcement priorities, which it’s entitled to do. And so there will be memos, executive orders, et cetera, et cetera to shape the mission,» she added.

But it was a frustration with ICE’s operations that eventually got Congress a little more involved.

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Capitol Hill, left, pictured next to ICE agents, right. (Andrew Caballero-Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images; Aaron Lavinsky/The Minnesota Star Tribune)

Frustrated with the lack of enforcement, lawmakers began filling in some of the blanks of what they wanted to see. In 2009, for instance, Congress passed a mandate that ICE had to accommodate no fewer than 34,000 beds for detainees when lawmakers grew concerned the agency was releasing too many people.

In Vaughan’s view, the agency has only recently been asked to flex its muscles to pursue its original goal.

«There has never been a president before Donald Trump who openly valued the immigration enforcement mission as much as he does,» Vaughan said. «There’s no question that ICE has been allowed to do its job the way Congress wrote the laws for them to be able to do it. And they have not had that kind of support and backing before.»

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For now, portions of DHS remain unfunded as lawmakers wrestle over the 10 Democratic demands.

ICE itself, which received $75 billion in funding when Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act was signed into law in July, is continuing operations in the midst of the government shutdown.

Un petrolero con carga entró este lunes en la bahía de Matanzas, en el oeste de Cuba, y atracó cerca del puerto de logística energética de la ciudad en medio del bloqueo petrolero impuesto por Estados Unidos, según confirmó la agencia EFE. Se trata del buque Nicos I.V., de bandera de San Vicente y las Granadinas, con capacidad superior a 300.000 barriles.

El petrolero, de 183 metros de eslora y código IMO 9103843, aparece parcialmente cargado, aunque se desconoce el tipo y volumen exacto de combustible que transporta. El buque navegó sin señal pública de su sistema de identificación automática, lo que impide determinar su último puerto de escala. Plataformas de seguimiento marítimo no registraron al Nicos I.V. en puertos cubanos durante las últimas semanas, aunque fuentes especializadas señalan que pudo operar en aguas de la isla sin transmitir su posición.

Si procede de un puerto extranjero, sería el primer tanquero que atraca en Cuba desde el 9 de enero, cuando el Ocean Mariner llegó desde México con unos 85.000 barriles. Días atrás, ese mismo buque intentó aproximarse nuevamente a la isla, pero realizó un giro en “U” en el Windward Passage y permaneció al sur de Santo Domingo, en la República Dominicana. Informes de prensa indicaron que un cutter de la Guardia Costera estadounidense navegó cerca de la embarcación para disuadir su ingreso.

El Nicos I.V. no está sancionado por Washington, aunque figura bajo “vigilancia activa” por un delito ambiental previo y por su vinculación pasada con el llamado “puente energético” entre Venezuela y Cuba. Documentos legales estadounidenses señalan que pertenece a la naviera griega Nicos I.V. Special Maritime Enterprises y que su gestión técnica y comercial corresponde a Oceanic Shipmanagement Corp.

El petrolero quedó atracado en una zona considerada clave para la seguridad energética cubana. En la orilla occidental de la bahía de Matanzas se ubica uno de los mayores complejos de almacenamiento y logística de hidrocarburos del país, junto a la central termoeléctrica Antonio Guiteras, una de las principales plantas generadoras de electricidad de la isla. Esa base de supertanqueros sufrió en agosto de 2022 un incendio de grandes proporciones que dejó 17 muertos y dañó cuatro depósitos de combustible, desastre que continúa en fase de recuperación.

La llegada del buque ocurre en un contexto de fuerte presión sobre el suministro energético. Estados Unidos estableció un bloqueo petrolero desde enero tras restringir el flujo de crudo venezolano y anunciar aranceles a países que abastezcan a Cuba. Caracas era uno de los principales proveedores de la isla. Medios informaron además que el destructor USS Stockdale interceptó a comienzos de enero al petrolero Seahorse, que navegaba desde Venezuela con destino a Cuba.

Washington autorizó, sin embargo, el atraque de dos barcos mexicanos con ayuda humanitaria, sin combustible. La isla agradeció el envío y se informó que otro cargamento similar estaba previsto. Paralelamente, Rusia evalúa posibles suministros energéticos. El portavoz del Kremlin, Dmitry Peskov, afirmó que Moscú analizaba opciones de asistencia. Rusia envió por última vez 100.000 toneladas métricas de combustible en febrero de 2025 bajo un acuerdo aprobado por el presidente Vladimir Putin.

La crisis energética tiene efectos directos en la vida cotidiana. Cuba produce solo cerca de un tercio de los aproximadamente 110.000 barriles diarios que necesita. La escasez provocó apagones prolongados, falta de combustible en estaciones de servicio y dificultades en transporte, industria y servicios públicos. El régimen activó un plan de emergencia que redujo la actividad sanitaria y del transporte a niveles mínimos, suspendió clases presenciales universitarias, implantó teletrabajo y horarios restringidos en oficinas estatales y estableció un severo racionamiento de combustibles.

Algunas estimaciones sitúan las reservas disponibles por debajo de 20 días. La preocupación aumentó tras un incendio el 13 de febrero en la refinería Ñico López, la principal instalación de procesamiento del país. El Ministerio de Energía y Minas informó que las operaciones no sufrieron interrupciones y que el fuego afectó únicamente un almacén con productos sin uso.

La posible descarga del Nicos I.V. podría aportar un alivio limitado en el corto plazo, pero la incertidumbre sobre futuros envíos mantiene la tensión sobre el sistema energético cubano, en un escenario marcado por restricciones externas y necesidades internas crecientes.

FIRST ON FOX: The president of a Florida insurance brokerage firm and the CEO of a marketing company were sentenced Wednesday to 20 years each in prison for leading a sprawling, $233 million Affordable Care Act fraud scheme that preyed on Florida’s most vulnerable residents — including homeless and jobless individuals and newly displaced hurricane victims — to pocket millions in unearned commissions.

Cory Lloyd, 46, of Stuart, Florida, and Steven Strong, 42, of Mansfield, Texas, were convicted of conspiracy and fraud for their roles in the scheme, which involved lying and falsifying government forms to obtain coverage for individuals and lying to or bribing would-be enrollees to sign up for plans even when they knew doing so would cost them their existing insurance coverage. In addition to their prison time, the pair were ordered to pay $180.6 million in restitution to their victims. 

Lloyd and Strong profited handsomely for years from the scheme, Justice Department officials said, using the proceeds to purchase luxury vehicles, an 80-foot yacht and an oceanfront home in the Florida Keys.

«Preying upon medically compromised consumers to rob hundreds of millions of taxpayer-funded programs is evil and unforgivable,» Attorney General Pam Bondi told Fox News Digital in a statement. 

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«Fraud schemes like this rob citizens and shake faith in our institutions. Today’s sentencing is the latest example of this DOJ’s commitment to fighting fraud nationwide,» Bondi said.

An estimated 35,000 individuals were fraudulently enrolled in Affordable Care Act plans during the years-long scheme led by Lloyd and Strong, Justice Department officials with knowledge of the case told Fox News Digital. The two sought more than $233 million in fraudulent payments, including about $180 million in federal Affordable Care Act funding.

«These defendants were sophisticated, licensed insurance brokers,» Assistant Attorney General A. Tysen Duva of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division said in a statement. 

«They had everything and intentionally took advantage of people who had nothing. The message from these sentences is simple: Those who seek to line their own pockets with taxpayer dollars, victimize our most vulnerable and deplete federal programs will be held accountable.»

The two intentionally targeted people in the state who were experiencing homelessness and people experiencing mental health disorders, including addiction to opioids or other drugs, according to materials reviewed by Fox News Digital. 

Prosecutors said at trial that Lloyd and Strong conspired to circumvent federal income and eligibility verification safeguards. They also intentionally submitted Medicaid applications designed to trigger denials, allowing them to steer those same individuals into fully subsidized Affordable Care Act plans outside the open enrollment period, maximizing commissions year-round.

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Former President Trump denied wanting to repeal the Affordable Care Act (Getty Images)

Their lavish lifestyle contrasted starkly with that of the individuals they lied to and scammed. 

«One of the really awful things about the case is that it’s not only a scheme that’s taking money from the elderly and the disabled and defrauding the taxpayers, but that it actually resulted in real harm to the patients as well,» one Justice Department official said in an interview.

That harm included individuals losing access to life-saving treatments for opioid use disorders, mental health disorders and serious infectious diseases.

Text messages introduced at trial showed Strong and Lloyd discussing sending «street marketers» into Florida hurricane shelters to recruit enrollees.

In one text exchange, Strong suggested sending their team of «street marketers» into Florida hurricane shelters to recruit enrollees. Lloyd responded enthusiastically, stating, «It’s a killer idea, if we could pull it off!»

Prosecutors said the efforts were particularly harmful because they disrupted existing coverage plans and jeopardized access to treatment for serious conditions.

Many of the victims were experiencing homelessness or unemployment or qualified for Medicaid coverage — an insurance option for low-income or vulnerable populations that, in many cases, best suited their needs.

Jurors heard from a Jacksonville-based psychiatrist who treats homeless individuals and testified about the harm some of his patients suffered as a result of the fraud, which caused them to lose their Medicaid coverage.

This included an individual «living in the woods behind Walmart» who was suffering from schizoaffective disorder, a person familiar with the case told Fox News Digital.

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Matthew Galeotti, head of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division, joined by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Administrator Mehmet Oz, delivers remarks during a press conference announcing the largest health care fraud case in history. (Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images)

Like others, this individual had previously been enrolled in Medicaid, which covered the entirety of a $2,000 shot used to treat the schizoaffective disorder. Enrollment in an Affordable Care Act plan caused the individual to lose that coverage.

The sentencing comes as the Justice Department has moved aggressively to crack down on healthcare fraud, including through its ongoing «strike force» program that operates across 25 federal districts and has resulted in criminal charges against about 5,000 individuals, according to information shared with Fox News Digital.

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It also comes as the DOJ’s Health Care Fraud Unit secured the largest national healthcare fraud takedown in its history in 2025, officials said, charging more than $15 billion in alleged losses and forfeitures and returning more than $560 million to the public.

Justice Department officials noted the amount is «many, many, many times our annual budget.»