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La vida efímera del rock progresivo: la cultura de masas con voluntad de gran arte

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Una actuación en directo de «The Dark Side of the Moon» en Earls Court (Londres), poco después de su lanzamiento en 1973: de izquierda a derecha) Gilmour, Mason, Dick Parry, Waters (TimDuncan/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY)

Antes de que existiesen internet y las plataformas de streaming, comprar un disco de vinilo era como hacer una apuesta. A veces conocíamos el álbum o el grupo, pero otras veces no sabíamos nada y simplemente nos dejábamos seducir por las carátulas. Si el disco nos gustaba o no, si era bueno o malo, solo lo averiguaríamos al llegar a casa.

Yo tuve suerte con mi primera compra de un disco de rock progresivo en la mítica tienda de discos Madrid Rock. Fui a dar, casi por pura casualidad, con Selling England by the Pound, considerado el mejor álbum de Genesis y uno de los mejores del género progresivo en general. Han pasado casi cuatro décadas de aquella tarde, pero no he olvidado la impresión que me produjo aquella música extraña, compleja y bellísima cuando llegué a casa y pude reproducirla en mi tocadiscos.

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La crítica cultural que el semiólogo Umberto Eco calificó de “apocalíptica”, y que encarnaba ejemplarmente el filósofo alemán Theodor W. Adorno, estableció una demarcación muy rígida entre el arte serio y la cultura de entretenimiento.

No obstante, Adorno era un observador agudo, y no pasó por alto que algunos fenómenos culturales se sustraían a esa dicotomía. Diagnosticó, por ejemplo, el envejecimiento de la vanguardia musical del siglo XX que él mismo había defendido siempre. También lamentó su transformación en una producción mecanizada y rutinaria de herméticas composiciones destinadas al reducido público de los festivales de música contemporánea. Entretenida no sería aquella música, pero tampoco era ya muy seria.

En cambio, no previó la posibilidad de que brotasen obras genuinas, originales y estéticamente ambiciosas en el campo de la cultura de masas, un terreno que él juzgaba incurablemente estéril para el gran arte.

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Imagen en la calle de la portada del Álbum In The Court Of The Crimson King de King Crimson
Imagen en la calle de la portada del Álbum «In The Court Of The Crimson King» de King Crimson (Ceescamel/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA)

¿Hubiera sabido reconocer Adorno el valor estético de un género musical que surgió en el Reino Unido en el año de su muerte y que alcanzó su efímero apogeo poco después? En 1969 vio la luz el álbum seminal de King Crimson, titulado In the Court of the Crimson King, considerado por muchos el primer disco de rock progresivo. Este álbum contenía ya los principales ingredientes del género: una estética musical más bien fría, incluso sombría, cierto barroquismo y gigantismo en las composiciones, una vocación vanguardista y experimental, y la inequívoca ambición de elevar el rock a la categoría de gran arte.

Para todo hay un precedente, y este género se inspiró en la psicodelia, el pop y el rock británicos de la década de 1960. Pero en lo sustancial fue un estilo completamente nuevo que aspiraba conscientemente a derribar la barrera entre el arte serio y la cultura de masas. Lo hacía, sin embargo, partiendo de esta última, es decir, de la cultura juvenil y de la música compuesta e interpretada con guitarras y bajos eléctricos, sintetizadores y baterías.

Nada, o muy poco, tienen que ver con cualquier otra cosa compuesta antes o después los extensos y complicadísimos temas concebidos por la constelación de grupos que emergieron entonces. Muchos de ellos han caído en un relativo olvido: son pocos quienes hoy recuerdan a Soft Machine, Van der Graaf Generator, Camel, incluso a Jethro Tull y Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Pero los más importantes –Genesis, Yes, Pink Floyd y King Crimson– se ganaron un puesto en la historia del rock por su brillante producción durante un breve periodo que ni siquiera abarca toda la década de los 70.

Cada una de aquellas bandas se aproximaba a diferentes corrientes musicales de una época especialmente creativa: King Crimson orbitaba hacia el rock duro y el jazz experimental, Genesis se inclinaba hacia el glam y el pop, Yes entroncaba con el glam y el rock –pero no con el pop– y Pink Floyd lindaba con el rock y el pop, pero no con el glam.

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Estos parentescos más o menos lejanos no rebajan la originalidad de la música progresiva. Tampoco explican las atmósferas misteriosas e insólitas que fueron capaces de crear unos músicos que parecían abordar la composición de un álbum de rock con la misma ambición con la que Mahler componía sus sinfonías.

Yes en 1973
Foto de prensa de la banda Yes de 1973. De izquierda a derecha y de arriba a abajo, Chris Squire, Jon Anderson, Rick Wakeman, Alan White y Steve Howe (Atlantic Records)

Ciertamente, el rock progresivo era cultura de masas, y los conciertos de estas bandas llenaban teatros y estadios. Pero la autoexigencia y el ascetismo de este género musical parecían contagiarse de algún modo a las personalidades de sus intérpretes. Estos –a excepción, quizás, de Peter Gabriel, líder de Genesis– transmitían una imagen de profesionalidad bastante alejada del histrionismo y el divismo de otras estrellas del rock de la época.

Esta relativa austeridad personal se correspondía con el intelectualismo y la abstracción de unas composiciones musicales que se inspiraban en la literatura y la mitología (como en Genesis), se alejaban de los temas sentimentales y eróticos omnipresentes en el rock y el pop, y se atenían a un tono emocional más bien frío (o gélido, como en Pink Floyd y King Crimson) incluso cuando eran exuberantes (como en Yes).

Su éxito no duró mucho. El denso material de aquellos temas, que con frecuencia ocupaban toda una cara de un disco de vinilo, fue desmembrándose en elementos más fáciles de digerir por el público. Así, el rock progresivo terminó diluyéndose en las corrientes que ejercían una mayor fuerza de atracción desde las posiciones contiguas del campo musical, como el pop y el rock.

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Para confirmarlo basta con observar la evolución de estos grupos. Peter Gabriel abandonó Genesis en 1975, y bajo el liderazgo de Phil Collins el grupo derivó lentamente hacia un estilo pop que le cosecharía sus mayores éxitos en los años 80 y primeros 90. Algo similar sucedió con Yes, cuyas composiciones pop de la década de 1980 apenas guardan relación con sus primeros álbumes. King Crimson siempre eludió esa vía, pero desde finales de los 70 su sonoridad cambió para aproximarse sucesivamente a las heterogéneas exploraciones estéticas de su inquieto líder, Robert Fripp.

Pink Floyd tal vez sea el grupo que mejor supo mantener su personalidad original cuando concluyó la era dorada del género progresivo. Pero su supervivencia –que atravesó incluso una traumática ruptura de Roger Waters con el resto de la banda– exigió también el pago de un tributo a la comercialidad, como muestran álbumes muy exitosos como The Wall (1979) o A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987).

Genesis en 1974
Genesis (con Peter Gabriel disfrazado) actuando en noviembre de 1974 (tony morelli/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA)

El punk, que irrumpió al final de la década, probablemente contribuyó también a la liquidación de un género cuyo virtuosismo e impronta universitaria resultaban demasiado exquisitos para un público juvenil que demandaba una música más simple, airada e irreverente.

Visto en perspectiva, el rock progresivo puede considerarse como una vía muerta, algo así como el ars subtilior de la cultura popular del siglo XX. No obstante, el oyente que se asoma a esta música a medio siglo de distancia de su fugaz apogeo siente la extraña nostalgia que a veces provocan las imágenes de ciencia ficción retrofuturista: una nostalgia de mundos que nunca existieron ni existirán, pero que podrían haber existido.

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Y es que en aquella música inigualable se anunció durante un breve periodo de tiempo la reconciliación de la alta cultura con el arte de masas, o el surgimiento de una cultura popular que aspiraba a estar a la altura del gran arte, y que lo logró en sus mejores frutos.

Fuente: The Conversation

The Conversation

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Trump’s evolving China rhetoric raises eyebrows over TikTok strategy amid scorching election meddling warning

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President Donald Trump is striking a noticeably softer tone toward China just days after delivering a public address to the nation accusing Beijing of «sinister election meddling.»

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The fresh set of accusations levied on July 16 raised new questions about the Trump administration’s posture towards China, especially as it moves to keep TikTok operating in the U.S. while warning against the hostility of the world power against America.

«President Trump just told the nation that China tried to influence the 2020 election and weaken his presidency. During that same year, the intelligence community identified TikTok as a primary vector of CCP influence in the United States,» Hudson Institute Senior Fellow Michael Sobolik, who specializes in U.S.–China relations, told Fox News Digital.

«Beijing still controls the algorithm, which means that the very dangers Trump raised persist today,» Sobolik added.

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TRUMP’S ELECTION INTEGRITY SPEECH: 7 TAKEAWAYS EVERY AMERICAN SHOULD KNOW

President Donald Trump and President Xi Jinping prepare for a key summit in May. (Andrew Caballero-Reynolds/Getty Images)

Trump has long taken a hard line on China, using tariffs, trade pressure and national security warnings to frame Beijing as one of America’s chief adversaries.

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In his recent address to the nation, the president accused the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) of running a «sinister» campaign to interfere in U.S. elections and influence Americans and undermine his presidency.

Yet just five days later, on July 21, Trump suggested «China is maybe a little bit different today.» It struck a softer tone that falls more in line with the president’s backing of a deal to keep TikTok operating in the U.S., despite seeking during his first term and at the start of his second to force the app out over national security concerns.

«The CCP hasn’t changed. Xi Jinping hasn’t changed. But President Trump has,» Soblik detailed.

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«He’s much more conciliatory toward China in his second term than he was in his first. He risks telegraphing significant weakness to Xi by letting China off the hook.»

Trump downplayed Beijing’s past election interference, suggesting both countries engage in similar tactics and indicating he was more focused on future negotiations than revisiting China’s actions.

TRUMP’S UPBEAT CHINA MESSAGE COLLIDES WITH DEEPENING BEIJING RIVALRY

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Donald Trump and Xi Jinping walk past a row of American and Chinese flags in front of a mural.

Chinese President Xi Jinping, right, and U.S. President Donald Trump meet at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. (Kenny Holston/Pool Photo via AP)

«It took place a long time ago. I think China is maybe a little bit different today than it was then,» Trump conceded.

«But look there, they do things and we do things to them. I’ll be honest — do we do things to them too? It’s not a one-way street, but we’ll be talking to them,» said Trump when speaking about Chinese election meddling days after his «free and fair elections» televised remarks.

Sobolik argued the softened rhetoric could embolden Beijing to continue attempts to influence U.S. politics in the future.

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In his first term, Trump sought to ban TikTok, saying it posed a national security risk. Then, during his second term, Trump joined the app, and in recent weeks so have his top cabinet members.

«President Trump has saved TikTok for its millions of American users — yet another promise made, promise kept,» White House spokesperson Olivia Wales told Fox News Digital. «With the new TikTok under the control of U.S. investors, Americans can continue to enjoy TikTok with their data fully protected.»

TikTok’s ownership deal was reconstructed at the beginning of this year to have majority U.S.-ownership while still giving Chinese technology company ByteDance a 19.9% stake – 0.01% below the threshold required under U.S. law.

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CHILL COMING FROM TRUMP’S SUMMIT WITH XI IS PROOF OF A NEW COLD WAR WITH CHINA

While the app is based in the U.S., Sobolik said that TikTok’s algorithm remains under ByteDance’s control via a licensing regime.

«The fact that it’s training on U.S. data stored on servers in America doesn’t change the fundamental reality that a Chinese Communist Party-controlled company still controls the algorithm itself,» said Sobolik. «The administration hasn’t directly addressed the possibility that Beijing could calibrate the app’s algorithm in concerning ways.»

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Xi Jinping and Donald Trump visit Temple of Heaven during Beijing summit.

Chinese President Xi Jinping and President Donald Trump visited the Temple of Heaven on May 14, 2026, in Beijing, China, during a high-level summit between the two leaders. Xi warned that mishandling the issue of Taiwan could push the United States and China toward «conflict.» (Brendan Smialowski – Pool/Getty Images)

Trump visited China in May for a high-stakes summit with President Xi Jinping on several of the biggest pressure points in the U.S.-China relationship — from trade and Taiwan to AI and human rights. Those meetings appeared to end without firm public breakthroughs.

In his final meeting with Xi at the summit, Trump touted what he called «fantastic trade deals.»

Sobolik said Trump «wants what he’s always wanted with China,» which is a trade deal.

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«He needs to think broader and bigger. Economic competition is one part of the larger new cold war that’s playing out between Washington and Beijing,» he said.

Sobolik said Trump is placing too much emphasis on trade while overlooking other important areas of competition with China.

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«Xi will have the advantage,» he added.

Trump said Xi will be visiting the U.S. on Sept. 24, with artificial intelligence expected to be a key topic during their talks.

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China quiere que la guerra se eternice en Medio Oriente y multiplica su ayuda al régimen de Irán

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ARCHIVO: El jefe del régimen chino, Xi Jinping durante una guardia de honor en el Congreso del Partido Comunista en Beijing, China, el pasado 1 de julio (Reuters)

China no quiere una solución a corto plazo en Irán. El régimen conducido por Xi Jinping apuesta a que su principal rival militar, económico, comercial, tecnológico y estratégico se empantane una larga temporada negociando y gastando su arsenal en Medio Oriente. Busca evitar que Washington se enfoque definitivamente en el Indo-Pacífico. Pero Beijing juega con fuego y la última de sus maniobras podría destrabar la venta de armas a Taiwán aprobada por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos que por ahora la Casa Blanca mantiene en stand by.

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De acuerdo a una investigación de la agencia internacional Reuters, Irán recibirá de China, en las próximas semanas, 400 lanzadores de misiles antiaéreos de uso sencillo y difíciles de detectar: se disparan desde el hombro. El contrato -por 70 millones de dólares y que involucra a la empresa Zhongqing Baoshang International Investment, con sede en Hong Kong– es para adquirir 400 sistemas de defensa aérea portátiles, incluidos misiles QW-12 y FN-16 de fabricación china.

En diciembre pasado, Estados Unidos aprobó la venta por 11 mil millones de dólares de un paquete de armamento para Taiwán. La isla se arma contrarreloj para prepararse para repeler un posible intento de invasión por parte de China. La operación incluye sistemas de cohetes HIMARS, obuses, misiles antitanque, drones y repuestos para otros equipos militares críticos. Pero aún el gobierno de Donald Trump no transfirió ese material a Taipei. ¿Lo hará ahora que China vendió armas al país que continúa prometiendo dar “muerte a Estados Unidos”?

Pero esta no es la primera vez que China se involucra de lleno en el conflicto que tiene como protagonistas a Estados Unidos, Irán e Israel.

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El régimen de Xi reforzó la capacidad de su socio iraní para golpear activos de Estados Unidos en Medio Oriente al facilitarle datos de satélites para selección de blancos, una asistencia que, según un informe del think tank Hudson Institute, permitió a Teherán pasar de ataques que parecían fortuitos a una campaña más precisa contra radares, aviones de apoyo y sistemas de comunicaciones durante la Operación Epic Fury.

En mayo de 2026, la administración Trump sancionó a varias empresas radicadas en China por suministrar imágenes satelitales que facilitaron los ataques iraníes contra fuerzas estadounidenses. De acuerdo con la explicación oficial citada en el reporte, MizarVision difundió imágenes de código abierto sobre actividad norteamericana durante la campaña militar, Earth Eye entregó imágenes directamente a Teherán y Chang Guang Satellite Technology recopiló y proveyó material sobre instalaciones militares estadounidenses y aliadas.

El informe sitúa el origen de esa cooperación varios años antes. En 2024, la Guardia Revolucionaria Islámica habría establecido vínculos con Chang Guang y con MinoSpace Technology para asegurarse respaldo de inteligencia espacial. Ambas compañías operan dentro del ecosistema comercial chino vinculado al Estado y fabrican satélites avanzados de observación remota alineados con las prioridades estratégicas de Beijing.

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Chang Guang produce pequeños cube-sats equipados con imágenes de alta resolución. La firma MinoSpace fabrica los satélites de observación terrestre de la serie Taijing. De acuerdo con el Hudson Institute, esa cooperación podía mejorar la capacidad iraní para vigilar instalaciones militares de Estados Unidos y acelerar el desarrollo de sus blancos.

El patrón de ayuda entre ambos regímenes se profundiza ahora con la venta de armas para derribar vehículos aéreos norteamericanos.

Pero no sólo Estados Unidos toma nota sobre esta asistencia militar. Los países árabes que sufren a diario las agresiones iraníes también ven cómo desde Beijing -un socio comercial importante para muchos de ellos- se refuerza la capacidad de quien a diario dispara misiles contra instalaciones militares, edificios, infraestructura civil y aeropuertos. Baréin, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Qatar y Arabia Saudita sufren a diario estos ataques aéreos. ¿Tomarán nota de los socios de su enemigo o continuarán priorizando los negocios?

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Mientras tanto, la tensión en Ormuz no se detiene. Irán continúa intentando mantener como rehén a los buques petroleros que intenten pasar por allí. La Guardia Revolucionaria Islámica interceptó y forzó la detención de tres petroleros en el estrecho. Muchos de esos busques también llevan banderas árabes. China también sabe eso. Y alimenta la maquinaria de guerra que lo hace posible.

X: @TotiPI



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China, Russia, Iran and North Korea form ‘axis of aggressors’ that could overwhelm US, book warns

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China, Russia, Iran and North Korea are acting as a strategically aligned bloc even without a formal mutual-defense treaty, according to a new Foundation for Defense of Democracies book warning that their cooperation could leave the United States confronting multiple crises simultaneously.

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The book, «Axis of Aggressors: Countering the Cooperation of China, Russia, Iran and North Korea,» examines how the four authoritarian governments support one another across military, economic, cyber and technology domains.

Its authors acknowledge that the grouping is not a NATO-style alliance. It has no unified command, comprehensive defense commitment or complete trust among its members. But they argue that its practical effects are already visible in active conflicts.

TRUMP TO CONFRONT XI AT HIGH-STAKES SUMMIT OVER CHINA BACKING FOR IRAN, RUSSIA

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In this pool photograph distributed by the Russian state agency Sputnik, Russiain President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un walk before a military parade marking the 80th anniversary of victory over Japan and the end of World War II in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square on Sept. 3, 2025. Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian is seen at left in the background. (Sergey Bobylev / POOL / AFP via Getty Images)

«I just got back from a couple of weeks in Ukraine, and when I’m sitting in Ukraine, it’s really obvious to me that Ukraine is fighting Russia, North Korea, Iran and China,» retired Rear Adm. Mark Montgomery, one of the book’s three authors, told Fox News Digital.

Montgomery pointed to North Korean ammunition and troops, Iranian drones and production expertise, and Chinese economic and technological support for Moscow.

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«China is backstopping the whole thing, providing the economic backstop to Russia’s economy so they can survive this four-year catastrophic event for Russia,» Montgomery said. «They’re providing microelectronics that we see in ballistic, cruise and hypersonic missiles.»

The book’s researchers documented 616 instances of security cooperation among the four governments from Jan. 1, 2019, through Dec. 31, 2025, including arms transfers, weapons development, military exercises, intelligence sharing and military exchanges.

A ‘simultaneity problem’ for the U.S.

The central danger, Montgomery said, is what the book calls the «simultaneity problem.»

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«We don’t get to handle these with a singularity anymore. We have to handle this with a simultaneity,» he said. «And I don’t think we can handle two problems at once, much less three or four.»

During a potential confrontation between China and Taiwan, Montgomery said, North Korea could threaten South Korea or conduct limited attacks intended to pin down U.S. forces. A conflict involving Russia and NATO’s Baltic members could be accompanied by Iranian terrorism or other hostile activity.

THREE KEY REASONS WHY AMERICA CANNOT AFFORD TO LOSE TAIWAN TO COMMUNIST CHINA

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Russian President Vladimir Putin greets Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi

Russian President Vladimir Putin, left, greets Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi prior to their talks at the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, Monday, June 23, 2025. (Alexander Kazakov, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP)

The book identifies China-Russia military cooperation as the axis’s most consequential bilateral relationship. Chinese dual-use products have helped sustain Russia’s defense industrial base, while Moscow is transferring technology and battlefield lessons that could assist China in a Pacific conflict.

North Korea has supplied Russia with millions of artillery rounds, ballistic missiles and troops, while Moscow has assisted Pyongyang’s missile, space, drone and nuclear programs, according to the book.

Iran has provided Russia with drones and production knowledge. The book warns that Russian and Chinese assistance could also help Tehran rebuild military capabilities damaged during its conflicts with Israel and the United States.

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«The longer they can entangle the United States, whether it was in Ukraine or in Iran, China and Russia are the primary beneficiaries,» Montgomery said.

Chinese Navy ship in Hong Kong Administrative Region

Officers and soldiers aboard the Chinese People’s Liberation Army PLA Navy’s guided-missile destroyer Nanning wave as the ship enters the waters of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in south China, July 2, 2026. (Ji Peng/Xinhua via Getty Images)

China bankrolls the axis

Economic ties underpin the military cooperation, according to co-author Elaine Dezenski, who described the four-country economy as a «fractured alignment.»

«These four players are bound together more by necessity than they are by a specific trust or shared strategy among them,» Dezenski told Fox News Digital. «China needs energy. Russia and Iran need buyers for their oil and gas. And North Korea needs any lifeline that it can get.»

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China purchases discounted Russian and Iranian energy while providing goods, technology and access to its domestic market.

The relationships remain unequal. Russia and Iran compete to sell similar products, while China can seek other suppliers. But Dezenski said those divisions should not obscure the benefits the cooperation provides.

«The economics of this very much underpin the foundations for the military engagement that we see,» she said.

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The book says China purchases as much as 95% of Iran’s oil exports. Some sanctioned oil is routed through third countries, relabeled or processed by independent Chinese refineries known as «teapots.»

«The export juggernaut that is China today is fueled by sanctioned oil and gas,» Dezenski said.

TRUMP MAY CLAIM HE WON THE FIGHT WITH IRAN, BUT THERE’S A BIGGER WAR ALREADY UNDERWAY

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FILE - In this Aug. 13, 2007, file photo, a convoy of Chinese APCs roll by during a rehearsal for a massive joint military exercise by the two former Cold War rivals, the first on Russia's territory in the Chelyabinsk region in Russia's Ural Mountains. Chinese and Russian military forces are engaged in joint exercises through Friday, Aug. 13, 2021, in northwestern China as ties grow between the two autocratic states amid uncertainty over instability in Afghanistan.

In this Aug. 13, 2007, file photo, a convoy of Chinese APCs rolls by during a rehearsal for a massive joint military exercise by the two former Cold War rivals, the first on Russia’s territory in the Chelyabinsk region in Russia’s Ural Mountains. Chinese and Russian military forces are engaged in joint exercises through Friday, Aug. 13, 2021, in northwestern China as ties grow between the two autocratic states amid uncertainty over instability in Afghanistan. (AP Photo, File)

New payment networks challenge U.S. leverage

Dezenski also warned that China, Russia and Iran are developing payment systems outside traditional Western banking infrastructure. More trade is being settled in yuan through China’s Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, or CIPS, potentially reducing Washington’s ability to enforce sanctions through the dollar system.

«We need to really think about that sooner rather than later, before this alternative payment system becomes too big to tackle,» Dezenski said.

Cyber ties blur the state-criminal line

Montgomery said the line between criminal hackers and government operatives is often deliberately blurred in all four countries.

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«These regimes routinely outsource work to criminal groups to keep their own hands clean, and those groups are increasingly networking with each other,» he said.

The book cites ties involving Iranian cybercriminals and Russian ransomware groups, Chinese actors on Russian dark-web forums, and Russian and North Korean state-backed hackers using shared operational infrastructure.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, left, and North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un, right look up at a launch pad of Soyuz rockets.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, left, and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, right, examine a launch pad of Soyuz rockets during their meeting at the Vostochny cosmodrome outside the city of Tsiolkovsky, about 125 miles from the city of Blagoveshchensk in the far eastern Amur region of Russia, on Sept. 13, 2023. North Korean leader Kim hailed the country’s relationship with Russia on June 12, 2024, as reports suggest that Russian President Putin will soon visit the isolated country for his third meeting with Kim. (Mikhail Metzel, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP, File)

Outside experts see an integrated threat

Carrie Filipetti, executive director of the Vandenberg Coalition and a former State Department official during the first Trump administration, said drone warfare demonstrates how assistance moves among the countries.

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«Chinese components are used to create Iranian drones, which are then deployed by the Russians against Ukrainian civilians,» Filipetti told Fox News Digital.

She said the relationship has also endangered American troops, pointing to the January 2024 Tower 22 attack in Jordan, which killed three U.S. Army Reserve soldiers and wounded more than 40 service members.

«The military and ideological relationship between Russia and Iran is not just a theoretical threat to the United States — American service members have been killed as a result of it,» Filipetti said.

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Filipetti said the attack used an Iranian drone and Russian tactics developed during the war in Ukraine. «These adversaries don’t agree on everything, but they do on one thing: to reorient the world away from America and the West,» she said. «Our service members and citizens will continue to suffer until we treat the threat as the united threat it is.»

Retired Air Force Lt. Gen. Richard Newton said the danger stems not only from military modernization in each country, but from the degree to which the four governments are increasingly coordinating.

«I couldn’t agree more with the underlying findings the authors present regarding the rapid military modernization unfolding across multiple domains — air, sea, land, space and cyber — emanating from China, Russia, Iran and North Korea,» Newton told Fox News Digital.

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Billboard shows Iran's three supreme leaders.

A billboard depicting Iran’s supreme leaders since 1979: (L to R) Ayatollahs Ruhollah Khomeini (until 1989), Ali Khamenei (until 2026), and Mojtaba Khamenei (incumbent) is displayed above a highway in Tehran on March 10, 2026. Iran marked the appointment of Ayatollah Mojtaba Khamenei to replace his father as its supreme leader on March 9, 2026. (AFP/Via Getty Images)

«These nation-states represent extraordinary adversarial challenges for the United States. That’s concerning enough,» he said. «But a major challenge President Trump is facing in his second administration is the level and degree of integration, synchronization and coordination among these four adversaries, who are more unified today than ever in their collective pursuits to threaten U.S. national security interests.»

Newton said the changing character of warfare, demonstrated by more than four years of fighting between Russia and Ukraine and the current U.S.-Iran conflict, has compounded the threat.

«Couple that with the changing nature of warfare we’ve been witnessing,» he said, «and the task to defend our nation is now much more complex and daunting.»

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Retired Air Force Gen. Philip Breedlove, who served as NATO supreme allied commander and commander of U.S. European Command from 2013 to 2016, argued that Washington’s language understates the severity of the confrontation.

«We often say that we are in ‘strategic competition’ with China and Russia. They are at war with us,» Breedlove told Fox News Digital.

Breedlove said China, Russia, Iran and North Korea «are not partners looking for cooperation with the U.S.,» but governments seeking to «diminish and defeat» American power.

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«The enemy gets a vote,» Breedlove said. «Our enemies are voting by their support to Russia and Iran.»

He added that assistance from the other countries has become increasingly important to Moscow as it struggles to sustain its war.

«Aid is critical to Russia,» Breedlove said. «Russia is failing and becoming ever more dependent on its allies.»

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The authors recommend stronger coordination with allies, expanded defense production, greater protection of U.S. critical infrastructure and more aggressive sanctions enforcement.

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Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin

The war in Iran has pushed China and Russia closer together. (Sergei Guneev/Reuters)

Dezenski called for targeting the full network supporting sanctioned Russian and Iranian oil, including refineries, ports, insurers and financiers, rather than focusing primarily on individual vessels.

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«We need to treat this axis as a threat, as a combined threat,» Montgomery said, «that will confront us in every one of our crisis areas.»



national security, china, foreign affairs, russia, war with iran, north korea

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