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Jazz, pop, hip hop y música clásica: el inesperado acercamiento entre géneros que muestra la ciencia

Las melodías que identifican a cada época parecen acercarse unas a otras. La música occidental, rica en formas y estructuras durante siglos, mostró una tendencia reciente hacia la uniformidad y una mayor sencillez.
Un estudio publicado en la revista Scientific Reports detectó que la música clásica y el jazz, reconocidos por su riqueza y diversidad, se acercaron a las estructuras de los géneros populares actuales.
El interrogante central para los investigadores Niccolò Di Marco, Edoardo Loru, Alessandro Galeazzi, Matteo Cinelli y Walter Quattrociocchi -de las Universidades de Tuscia, Sapienza de Roma y Padua– fue si la música perdió complejidad por el avance de la tecnología y la influencia de las plataformas digitales.
El equipo buscó rastrear si los algoritmos y el consumo inmediato de contenido musical modificaron la diversidad original.

Las plataformas digitales transformaron la producción y escucha de música. Se despertaron dudas sobre una posible pérdida de riqueza musical.
El estudio abordó además si, en la era del streaming, se produjo una simplificación de la estructura melódica y armónica.
Otros trabajos ya habían reportado una tendencia a la simplificación en letras de canciones y en la comunicación digital. Faltaba una evaluación cuantitativa y profunda de la estructura musical occidental a lo largo del tiempo.

El objetivo concreto fue “ofrecer una perspectiva cuantitativa sobre la evolución de la complejidad melódica y armónica en la música occidental” y verificar si la simplificación alcanzó la esencia de la música.
El equipo utilizó el MetaMIDI Dataset, una base pública con más de 400.000 archivos MIDI, y seleccionó cerca de 20.000 piezas con datos de título, artista y género. Los archivos contienen información precisa sobre notas, duraciones y tempo, como si fueran un mapa digital de cada composición.
Cada pieza se representó como una red de nodos (notas) y enlaces (transiciones entre notas), lo que facilitó el análisis matemático de la estructura musical. Este método permitió medir la complejidad de cada obra mediante indicadores como densidad, reciprocidad y entropía.

La muestra incluyó seis géneros principales: clásica, jazz, rock, pop, electrónica y hip hop. El estudio observó que la música clásica y el jazz, aunque partían de una mayor complejidad, redujeron su diversidad estructural en las últimas décadas.
“La música clásica exhibe una tendencia descendente, mientras que el jazz muestra un aumento inicial de complejidad, seguido de una caída y estabilización”, señaló el equipo.
Identificaron que las diferencias entre géneros persisten, pero en los últimos años los valores de complejidad se acercaron, y la música clásica y el jazz se alinearon con los géneros populares.

Para asegurar la validez de los resultados, los investigadores emplearon modelos nulos y técnicas de inteligencia artificial para estimar fechas de composición.
El estudio también analizó los intervalos musicales característicos de cada género y aplicó UMAP, una técnica de visualización de datos, para observar la evolución de la diversidad musical a lo largo de las décadas.
La comparación de obras previas a 1950 con creaciones recientes mostró una complejidad mayor en el pasado y un proceso de simplificación y convergencia en la actualidad.
El equipo sugirió sumar análisis de audio, texto y aspectos interpretativos a los datos de notas, para capturar dimensiones musicales que los archivos MIDI no contienen.
Entre las limitaciones, los investigadores señalaron que el análisis de notas excluye variables como el timbre, la producción y el contexto cultural, y que la inteligencia artificial aplicada a la datación puede tener márgenes de error.

La conclusión fue contundente: la música occidental reciente perdió complejidad estructural, aunque esa riqueza podría haberse desplazado a otras dimensiones aún no exploradas.
“Nuestros hallazgos abren vías para la investigación interdisciplinaria, uniendo musicología, ciencia de datos y sociología para indagar cómo los entornos digitales moldean la creatividad y el consumo”, concluyeron los investigadores.
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Walz administration ignored fraud warnings as billions vanished, House oversight report alleges

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A Republican-led congressional oversight report alleges that senior Minnesota officials, including Gov. Tim Walz, D-Minn., failed for years to act on warnings about fraud in the state’s social services programs, allowing hundreds of millions of dollars in confirmed or alleged losses and placing billions more at risk.
The Walz administration had the power to stop fraudulent payments to high-risk entities receiving federal nutrition and Medicaid funds, but the state «repeatedly failed to act» after officials raised concerns, according to a 205-page final staff report released by the House Oversight Committee on Monday.
Congressional investigators found that concerns about potential racial discrimination claims — rather than legal constraints — contributed to the Walz administration’s decision to continue paying providers suspected of fraud. The committee also spoke to nearly 30 whistleblowers, some of whom accused the Walz administration of retaliation against state employees for sounding the alarm about potential fraud.
«Fraud warnings were elevated to the most senior levels of the Minnesota state government, meaningful corrective action was delayed or avoided, and payments continued long after credible signs of fraud emerged,» the report reads in part.
House Oversight Committee Chairman James Comer, R-Ky., has asked Vice President JD Vance to scrutinize fraud prevention deficiencies in Minnesota’s social services programs after the release Monday of his committee’s 205-page final staff report. (Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)
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The committee found Minnesota is estimated to have lost $300 million in stolen federal nutrition funds intended to feed hungry children during the COVID-19 pandemic and that as much as $9 billion in Medicaid billing may have been fraudulent, an estimate attributed to a federal prosecutor and disputed by Walz administration officials.
Walz was allegedly aware of fraud associated with the now-defunct Feeding Our Future nonprofit that operated a constellation of fake meal sites as early as 2020, but payments continued flowing to the group for roughly two more years. The oversight panel also found Walz gave conflicting answers about when he first learned of the sweeping meal fraud.
Federal prosecutors have charged more than 110 individuals in connection with various fraud schemes in the state. Many defendants in the Feeding Our Future case have been identified as members of Minnesota’s Somali immigrant community, in connection with various fraud schemes in the state. Some of the convicted fraudsters used the stolen money for luxury purchases and state officials have investigated whether a portion of it was funneled overseas to aid terrorist groups in Somalia and the Middle East.
«Minnesota Governor Tim Walz and Attorney General Keith Ellison are responsible for one of the most stunning oversight failures this Committee has ever examined,» Comer said in a statement. «It is now clear the Walz Administration chose to protect the system rather than protect the taxpayer.»
The report caps a months long investigation into the Walz administration’s handling of widespread fraud, which began in late 2025 and included hearing testimony from Walz and Attorney General Keith Ellison as well as members of the Minnesota state legislature’s fraud committee. Nine current and former state officials also participated in transcribed interviews with congressional investigators.
The panel is also probing alleged health care fraud in California and Ohio as part of Republicans’ ongoing «war on fraud.»

Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz testifies during a House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., on March 4, 2026. The hearing examined alleged misuse of federal funds for Minnesota social services and Medicaid programs. (Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images)
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The committee sent a letter to Vice President JD Vance urging a full review of Minnesota’s social services programs for potential fraud vulnerabilities, following the report’s findings.
Vance’s anti-fraud task force has led to the arrest of at least eight people who allegedly participated in health care fraud schemes and the freezing of $1.3 billion in payments to home health and hospice providers suspected of defrauding the government.
Earlier this year, the Trump administration suspended nearly $260 million in federal Medicaid funding to Minnesota over the Walz administration’s alleged failure to crack down on fraud.
The Trump administration has also required states to show they are aggressively probing potential Medicaid fraud or risk losing federal funding.

Vice President JD Vance joined by White House deputy chief of staff and Homeland Security advisor Stephen Miller and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Chair Andrew Ferguson during a roundtable discussion on anti-fraud initiatives on May 26, 2026, in Washington, D.C. (Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)
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The report also comes as the House is expected to consider a slate of fraud-prevention bills this week. Republicans have argued that new legislative tools are necessary to prevent fraud at the state level amid alleged inaction.
The federal government loses an estimated $233 billion to $521 billion annually to fraud, according to a 2024 Government Accountability Office report.
politics, somali immigrant community, minnesota, minnesota fraud exposed, investigations, tim walz
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US adversaries China, North Korea strengthening ties as Xi, Kim set to begin talks

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A pair of U.S. adversaries — China and North Korea — appear to be strengthening relations, with Chinese President Xi Jinping’s arrival in Pyongyang on Monday for a rare state visit.
This is Xi’s first trip to North Korea in seven years, and experts say the visit is likely aimed at reasserting China’s unique influence over North Korea in exchange for providing economic and political benefits.
Xi is scheduled to meet North Korean leader Kim Jong Un in what will be their first summit since September, when they met in Beijing after viewing a military parade alongside Russian President Vladimir Putin and other foreign leaders.
No specific agenda has been mentioned, but foreign experts predict the meeting to have a significant impact on bilateral ties and more, as both sides seek to fully restore their traditional alliance amid separate disputes with the U.S. government.
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The trip marks Chinese President Xi Jinping’s first trip to North Korea in seven years. (Getty Images)
Xi’s trip comes after his back-to-back summits with U.S. President Donald Trump and Putin in Beijing last month. Xi plans to meet Trump again for a U.S. visit in September.
China has, for years, been North Korea’s economic lifeline and primary diplomatic backer. China has refrained from fully enforcing U.N. sanctions on North Korea and sent clandestine aid to support its impoverished neighbor.
This year marks 65 years since the two nations signed a mutual defense treaty.
Despite this, there have been questions about their ties in recent years, as North Korea has prioritized cooperation with Russia by supplying troops and weapons to support its war against Ukraine and received economic and military assistance from Moscow in return.
Experts warn that restoring China’s exclusive influence over North Korea would give Xi leverage with Trump, who has repeatedly expressed his wish to restart diplomacy with Kim.

Experts say the visit is likely aimed at reasserting China’s unique influence over North Korea in exchange for providing economic and political benefits. (KCNA via REUTERS )
Analysts said Xi would likely offer Kim economic aid packages such as shipments of rice and fertilizers, a resumption of Chinese group tourism to North Korea and joint economic projects.
Xi may also avoid the issue of denuclearization of North Korea, which wants to achieve international recognition as a nuclear weapons state, as a way to call for lifting of U.N. sanctions on North Korea, according to experts.
After last month’s summit between Trump and Xi, the U.S. government said the two leaders affirmed their shared goal to denuclearize North Korea.
But China only said the leaders spoke about the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula. Kim’s sister and senior official Kim Yo Jong dismissed the readout of the meeting as «false information.»
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China and North Korea both seek to fully restore their traditional alliance amid separate disputes with the U.S. government. (Getty Images)
Last week, Kim unveiled a new plant to produce nuclear ingredients and pledged to bolster the country’s nuclear forces «at an exponential rate.» He also said he is seeking to speed up efforts to build a nuclear-armed navy.
On Sunday, Kim Yo Jong described a U.S. plan for the denuclearization of North Korea as an «escapist and anachronistic dream.»
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Kim Jong Un has dismissed U.S. and South Korean offers for talks as he focuses on enlarging and modernizing his nuclear arsenal. The North Korean leader in September urged the U.S. to withdraw its demand for North Korea to denuclearize as a precondition for resuming diplomacy.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
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