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La Constitución de 1985 mantiene vigencia en Guatemala, aunque su debate se enfoca en justicia y control institucional, según expertos

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La Constitución de Guatemala de 1985 cumple 41 años como eje del sistema democrático y debate sobre reformas persiste.

A 41 años de la promulgación de la Constitución de 1985 en Guatemala, dos analistas coincidieron en que el texto sigue siendo una base democrática sólida, aunque arrastra desequilibrios en la distribución del poder y reformas pendientes, sobre todo en justicia, un debate que vuelve a instalarse ante el ciclo preelectoral y las propuestas de Asamblea Nacional Constituyente.

La discusión no se limita a su origen histórico. Pablo Hurtado, analista de la Asociación de Investigaciones y Estudios Sociales, sostuvo que la Constitución ha resistido pruebas políticas de alto impacto, entre ellas el intento de autogolpe de 1993, el caso Rosenberg, las elecciones de 2023 y el marco que permitió la suscripción de los acuerdos de paz.

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Francisco Quezada, analista del Centro de Investigaciones Economías Nacionales, afirmó que la Constitución de 1985 no surgió como un texto enteramente nuevo, sino como una continuidad de la tradición constitucional guatemalteca. En la entrevista, describió ese proceso como una “posconstitución”, porque integra normas heredadas de cartas anteriores y también negociaciones entre actores que buscaron preservar intereses y espacios de poder.

Según Quezada, uno de los cambios más visibles del texto de 1985 fue la incorporación más amplia de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos y de pactos internacionales en la materia. También ubicó entre sus novedades institucionales la creación de la Corte de Constitucionalidad y del Tribunal Supremo Electoral.

Primer plano de un hombre con barba, traje azul marino, camisa blanca y corbata roja, mirando al frente con una expresión tranquila
Francisco Quezada, analista del CIEN Guatemala. (CIEN Guatemala)

Quezada explicó que la Constitución asumió una transcripción más extensa de normas de derechos humanos que ya habían aparecido en constituciones previas. Añadió que el diseño guatemalteco estableció además un criterio dinámico: los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos a los que se adhiera Guatemala pasan a integrar el bloque constitucional.

Sobre la aparente tensión entre el derecho a la vida y la pena de muerte, Quezada dijo que ambas disposiciones derivan de tratados internacionales y no de una formulación original de los constituyentes. Señaló que la tendencia en derechos humanos es abolicionista respecto de la pena capital, aunque los tratados la reconocen bajo límites, entre ellos la existencia de indulto y la prohibición de extenderla a otros delitos.

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El analista también sostuvo que la Constitución fue redactada como reacción a la alta concentración de poder que, a su juicio, existía en el presidente en la Constitución de 1965 y en etapas previas. Ese objetivo llevó a redistribuir atribuciones hacia otras instituciones, en especial el Congreso de la República, el Tribunal Supremo Electoral y la Corte de Constitucionalidad.

Para Quezada, ese rediseño produjo un efecto no previsto. Dijo que el Congreso de la República terminó acumulando demasiadas facultades porque los constituyentes consideraron que un órgano plural tendría menos posibilidades de abuso, y añadió que la Corte de Constitucionalidad adquirió un peso aún mayor sin que ese resultado hubiera sido plenamente anticipado al momento de redactar sus competencias.

La respuesta directa al debate sobre si Guatemala necesita una nueva Constitución fue negativa en ambos casos. Quezada afirmó que no convocaría una reforma constitucional general ni una Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, porque considera que la Constitución actual “no se ha terminado de aplicar y no se ha terminado de entender”, y advirtió que una constituyente quedaría en manos de corrientes políticas capaces de movilizar votos, sin garantía de producir un mejor texto.

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Pablo Hurtado, ASIES

Hurtado coincidió en que la vía de una Asamblea Nacional Constituyente es la menos aconsejable. Según el analista de Asies, la debilidad del sistema de partidos hace difícil esperar un órgano constituyente con compromiso común, por lo que una elección de ese tipo “puede resultar cualquier cosa”.

Ambos sí señalaron ámbitos concretos de corrección. Quezada ubicó uno de los principales problemas en el poder del Congreso, especialmente en materia presupuestaria, y dijo que esa institución ha actuado como si no tuviera límites al aprobar el presupuesto. También mencionó abusos vinculados con los situados constitucionales y puso como ejemplos al deporte y a la Universidad de San Carlos, que, según su evaluación, recibieron fondos multimillonarios sin resultados proporcionales o terminaron en deterioro institucional.

Como antecedente de reformas parciales, Quezada recordó los cambios de 1993, cuando se modificó el tratamiento del antejuicio de los diputados. Explicó que antes el propio Congreso conocía esos casos y que, si un legislador cometía un delito, los demás diputados impedían el avance del proceso; tras la reforma, esa facultad pasó a la Corte Suprema de Justicia.

Hurtado, por su parte, puso el foco en el sistema de justicia. Sostuvo que desde hace un par de décadas se discute la necesidad de una actualización constitucional en esa materia y que las crisis permanentes dificultan una reflexión serena, pese a que ese ámbito es el llamado a controlar que gobernantes y gobernados actúen conforme a la Constitución.

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El analista de Asies dijo que el país no debe esperar un momento ideal para discutir cambios. Propuso una reforma “quirúrgica” y puntual en justicia, complementada por una revisión del sistema de partidos políticos y de la ley electoral, de modo que los partidos recuperen legitimidad, vínculos con la ciudadanía y mecanismos de democracia interna.

Hurtado añadió que desde sectores de sociedad civil, academia y sector privado ya existe un consenso más visible sobre algunos ajustes constitucionales en justicia. Planteó que el año electoral 2027 podría convertirse en una oportunidad para exigir a los candidatos compromisos explícitos con esas reformas y convertirlas en un criterio de voto.



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Indonesian passenger ship carrying 240 people loses contact in Java Sea, search underway

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A passenger ship carrying 240 people vanished from contact in the Java Sea on Sunday local time, triggering an urgent search as Indonesian crews raced to locate the vessel.

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The Virgo Transport 8 was traveling from Surabaya, East Java, to Banjarmasin on the island of Borneo when communications with the ship were lost, the Associated Press reported, citing Indonesia’s Banjarmasin Search and Rescue Office.

Authorities said the vessel was last tracked roughly 92 miles from a pier in Banjarmasin, the capital of South Kalimantan province.

MOM LOSES GRIP ON DAUGHTER AS PASSENGER FERRY CAPSIZES WITH 20 PEOPLE STILL MISSING

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Authorities are searching for the Virgo Transport 8 after the passenger ship lost contact while traveling from East Java to South Kalimantan. (EyesWideOpen/Getty Images)

Search-and-rescue teams launched an operation after receiving a report that the ship had suffered a communications failure during the voyage, according to the AP.

Officials had not reported any deaths or injuries as of Sunday, and it was not immediately clear what caused the vessel to lose contact or whether weather conditions were affecting the search.

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MULTIPLE RESCUED FROM PONTOON BOAT NEAR ALCATRAZ AS SEARCH CONTINUES FOR MISSING PERSONS

Virgo Transport 8 passenger ship loses contact while crossing Indonesia’s Java Sea

The Virgo Transport 8 lost contact while traveling from Surabaya to Banjarmasin, according to officials. (EyesWideOpen/Getty Images)

The Virgo Transport 8 departed Surabaya, Indonesia’s second-largest city, before losing contact while crossing the Java Sea toward South Kalimantan.

The search remains underway.

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The Associated Press contributed to this report.



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‘Trump-level’ smackdown earns Vance roaring praise as 2028 buzz builds at GOP convention

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Republicans reached a consensus that Vice President JD Vance solidified his position as the presumptive 2028 presidential candidate with his «Trump-level» smackdown of a foreign flag-waving protester who disrupted his speech at the Republican National Convention.

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Vance did not hesitate after a protester interrupted his primetime speech in Dallas on Thursday by waving the flags of the Palestinian Authority and Mexico. He recalled to those watching his speech on TV: «What the people at home missed is that we just had a protester interrupting us and waving the Mexican flag.»

«Well, my friend, if you love Mexico so much, get your a– over there. I’ll buy you the plane ticket,» the VP said, to which the crowd erupted into applause.

«JD Vance just MIC DROPPED a leftist heckler who interrupted him waving a Mexican flag…this place is DEAFENING,» conservative commentator Eric Daugherty wrote on X, adding, «TOTAL PANDEMONIUM.»

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CROWD ERUPTS AS VANCE SMACKS DOWN PROTESTER WAVING MEXICAN FLAG: ‘GET YOUR A– OVER THERE’

A protestor throws a Mexican flag as Vice President JD Vance speaks during the second day of the Republican National Committee midterm convention at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas on September 10, 2026. (Brendan SMIALOWSKI / AFP via Getty Images)

Popular conservative pundit Benny Johnson called Vance’s quick wit an «epic response.» President Donald Trump supporter and activist Scott Pressler similarly praised Vance for reacting «without missing a beat,» and called it «an iconic moment.»

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«This was masterful. A Trump-level move from JD Vance,» wrote Overton, a conservative commentary and news account. «Vice President Vance perfectly handled a protestor waving a Mexican flag at the RNC in Dallas. Then he fired back with a savage one-liner that sent the American Airlines Center into absolute bedlam.»

The moment was capped off with a «USA!» chant from those in the crowd at the GOP Midterm Convention.

Students for Trump co-founder Ryan Fournier wrote, «JD Vance just absolute [sic] WIPED THE FLOOR with a leftist heckler who interrupted his rally waving a Mexican flag.»

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«The crowd went completely WILD. Unbelievable energy,» wrote Fournier.

VANCE DECLARES DEMOCRATS ‘PARTY OF HATRED,’ SAYS PARTY HAS MOVED BEYOND BIG GOVERNMENT, CENSORSHIP

JD Vance

Vice President JD Vance introduces U.S. President Donald Trump to speak on stage on the second day of the 2026 Republican National Convention at the American Airlines Center on September 10, 2026, in Dallas, Texas. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)

«JD Vance just notched the most iconic moment of the RNC when he told a protester waving a Mexican flag exactly what all red blooded Americans were thinking,» wrote Turning Point USA spokesman Andrew Kolvet.

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Commentator Brilyn Hollyhand put it simply, posting on X, «Yea JD for President after this.»

Vance recovered from the interruption quickly, telling the crowd, «Ladies and gentlemen, I had a whole speech written. But I think I’ve got to change it because we just discovered the symbol of the far left — an idiot waving … a Mexican flag at a protest when he should be waving the flag of the United States of America.»

«Now, we all know, of course, that as much as that person might wave around a foreign flag, he’d much rather live in Dallas, or in Cincinnati, or in any one of our great cities than Mexico,» President Donald Trump’s No. 2 continued. «But while we wave the American flag and fight for the American dream, we have to remind ourselves tonight that the good life that is the foundation of this country’s promise is not guaranteed.»

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CHARLIE KIRK HONORED AT GOP CONVENTION WITH CALL TO REJECT ‘COMFORTABLE LOSING’

Republican National Convention attendees

People hold signs on the first day of the 2026 Republican National Convention at the American Airlines Center on September 9, 2026, in Dallas, Texas. (Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images)

«Every generation of Americans has had to fight for these things when it’s our turn,» he went on.

«And this fall, the Democrats are running candidates who will tell your children what they’re allowed to say, how they’re allowed to live, and importantly, who they ought to hate, because that’s what the Democrat Party is about in 2026,» Vance continued. «It’s not about you, it’s about foreign fraudsters, and it’s about who they hate. And we got to send their a–es back in November.»

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Speculation has swirled over who will be the heir to Trump’s MAGA throne in 2028. The consensus so far among Republicans appears to be split between Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio — but a lot could change before the next presidential election.

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Top House chairman warns Congress against ‘complacency’ 25 years after 9/11

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House Homeland Security Committee Chairman Andrew Garbarino, R-N.Y., remembers exactly where he was when the World Trade Center was attacked on Sept. 11, 2001.

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«I was a senior in high school. I was in Mr. Ponzi’s government class. And that’s when the first plane hit. And one of the other teachers came in and was telling Mr. Ponzi about it,» he told Fox News Digital. «We all thought it was a little plane. And then we went to the next class. And then the second plane hit, and everybody realized that stuff was wrong.»

Twenty-five years later, Garbarino leads a congressional committee that oversees a Cabinet department created explicitly after the terror attack. He’s warning that Congress needs to change how it deals with potential threats to avoid another tragedy of that scale.

«Being chairman of the committee, being a New Yorker, it’s one of those things you focus on, and you want to make sure another 9/11 doesn’t happen, and doesn’t ever happen again. And that’s my goal. That’s my priority,» he said.

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House Homeland Security Committee Chairman Andrew Garbarino, R-N.Y., is sounding the alarm against congressional «complacency,» 25 years after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. (Newspix via Getty Images)

9/11 IS BECOMING HISTORY. MY GENERATION MUST MAKE SURE AMERICA NEVER FORGETS

«Congress is very good at being reactive… We don’t want another 9/11. So if I could leave my fingerprints on something here, it’s the fact that the focus, Congress’ focus on national security, Congress’ focus on homeland security or safety, is that we address an issue before something happens.»

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HOW 9/11 TRANSFORMED SYNAGOGUE SECURITY INTO A NEW REALITY FOR THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

He said Congress needed to get into the habit of passing laws ahead of time, «instead of being like, ‘Oh my God I can’t believe this happened, how did this happen, let’s fix it now.’»

«That’s why 9/11 happened. 9/11 happened because our intelligence agencies, they were siloed, they were not sharing information. I don’t know if it was a complacency or whatever, but there were a lot of problems,» Garbarino said. «I don’t want to fall into that same complacency.»

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Garbarino represents New York’s 2nd Congressional District, part of Long Island’s south shore. As a suburb of New York City, its residents are deeply attuned to that tragedy 25 years ago.

A lawmaker sits during a formal congressional hearing inside a government building.

House Homeland Security Committee Chairman Rep. Andrew Garbarino presides over a hearing in the Cannon House Office Building in Washington on Dec. 11, 2025. (Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images)

«We have people that lost loved ones that day that are still dealing with it 25 years later,» Garbarino said. «So the scar is still there.»

His district and others are also still dealing with illnesses stemming from that day, including first responders who bravely rushed to the collapsing twin towers.

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«There are now more people that have died from 9/11-related illnesses than died on the actual day. So it’s a day that keeps taking people away from us,» Garbarino said.

«You have firemen who, 9/11 was their first call. They were 21, 22 years old. They’re now 47… And a lot of these, some of these cancers, they take a while to take hold, and they’re now just getting sick.»

SCIENTISTS DISCOVER POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN 9/11 AND ACCELERATED AGING

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People rush away from the collapsing World Trade Center in New York City.

People rush away from the collapsing World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001, after two hijacked airplanes hit the twin towers in New York City in a terrorist attack. (Getty Images)

Earlier this year, President Donald Trump signed legislation led by Garbarino and others to address a projected funding shortfall for the World Trade Center Health Program, which helps survivors pay for their medical treatment.

He said nearly all congressional districts across the country have at least one person participating in the program, a testament to how widespread the tragedy’s effects are.

«People moved out of New York, people who came from all over the country after 9/11 to help, they all went back home, they also got sick. So this does affect the entire country,» Garbarino said.

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