A controversial memo issued by then-Attorney General Merrick Garland in 2021 aimed at addressing the alleged threat posed to school boards by dissatisfied parents caused an internal revolt at the Justice Department, according to documents obtained by Fox News. 

As parents across the nation took to school board meetings to vent their dissatisfaction with COVID-era learning restrictions as well as how race and gender were being taught in classrooms, the National Association for School Boards appealed to the Justice Department for assistance, claiming that some actions taken by angry parents could be classified as «domestic terrorism.» 

The Justice Department in October 2021 issued a memo to coordinate a response to what the department described as an «increase in harassment, intimidation and threats of violence against school board members, teachers and workers in our nation’s public schools» by parents. 

Newly released emails, however, indicate that high-ranking officials at the DOJ were skeptical of this move, predicting that it could transform into a political headache for the Biden administration.

MAJOR PUBLIC SCHOOL BOARD SIMULATES PARENT ‘TERRORIST’ ATTACK AFTER FATAL ACCIDENT KILLS STUDENT

«I don’t think it’s possible to state how strongly I object to this. It will completely and totally nuke our election threats efforts, and will damage the reputation of the Public Integrity Section into the bargain,» one deputy assistant attorney general wrote on an internal email chain. «It’s like they’ve affirmatively trying to make this thing not work and look political.»

«If they do this, they might as well rename the damn thing the Anti-MAGA Task Force,» they continued. 

«Exactly!» the DOJ’s Public Integrity Section chief responded. «Stupid, stupid, stupid.»

Some at the DOJ also questioned whether or not the agency had the authority to address purported threats to school board members in the way that was being proposed.

ANDREW MCCARTHY: BIDEN-HARRIS JUSTICE DEPARTMENT TANGLES WITH RED STATES ON ELECTION DAY

US Attorney General Merrick Garland addresses staff on his first day at the US Department of Justice in Washington, D.C., on March 11, 2021. Garland was confirmed by the Senate with a 70-30 vote on March 10. (Kevin Dietsch/AFP)

«We will not do this,» one principal deputy assistant attorney general wrote. «There is no conceivable connection to [public integrity] (indeed, I’m not seeing a federal interest of any kind.). And if they’re going to make the AG’s memo to the field about this and election threats, I’m going to strongly recommend that they not send it.»

The Public Integrity section chief chimed in that the memo could turn the Justice Department and the FBI into the «threat police» and that it contained «no limiting principle at all.»

After sparking a firestorm of criticism from GOP lawmakers, state officials, pundits and parents’ groups, the NSAB formally apologized for its letter to the Biden administration calling for legal scrutiny to apply to disgruntled parents.

 CNN HOST RECALLS HOW COVID CAUSED THE ‘RADICALIZATION’ OF PARENTS

Attorney General Merrick Garland speaks at the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C., on Sept. 12, 2024, praising the department’s staff amid ongoing political accusations. (Ting Shen/Bloomberg)

«On behalf of NSBA, we regret and apologize for the letter,» the organization wrote in a memo to its members. «There was no justification for some of the language included in the letter. We should have had a better process in place to allow for consultation on a communication of this significance. We apologize also for the strain and stress this situation has caused you and your organizations.»

Though Garland was pressed to retract his memo or apologize, he instead opted to defend his decision.

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«The obligation of the Justice Department is to protect the American people against violence and threats of violence and that particularly includes public officials,» he said of the memo.

The DOJ and Garland did not respond to requests for comment when reached by Fox News Digital on Friday.

Fox News’ David Spunt and Jake Gibson contributed to this report. 

The Justice Department is escalating its clash with California over voter-roll access, accusing state officials of blocking a federal audit — though Golden State officials warn the demand threatens voter privacy and oversteps federal authority.

The dispute centers on voter roll maintenance and access to registration records, not any publicly identified allegation of impropriety in a specific California race.

«If California genuinely wants voters to trust its elections, it should open its records, not fight to keep them closed,» Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California Bill Essayli said in a lengthy post on X that included a copy of a letter U.S. Assistant Attorney General Harmeet Dhillon, who leads the DOJ office enforcing federal voting-rights laws, sent to California Secretary of State Shirley Weber last year demanding the state’s voter rolls for inspection. 

«What are they afraid of?,» Essayli questioned.

MORE THAN 500,000 CALIFORNIANS DEMAND VOTING OVERHAUL, BACK ‘STRAIGHTFORWARD’ ID LAW

Dhillon’s letter followed an Aug. 8 response from Weber’s office raising concerns about privacy protections that could be implicated by the state voter-registration data sought by the federal government. A spokesperson from California Governor Gavin Newsom’s office told Fox News Digital that «every federal court to consider the issue has ruled U.S. DOJ’s demands violate federal law,» adding that «unlike this federal administration, we don’t do things that are illegal.»

Weber’s office offered to let DOJ inspect a redacted voter-registration database by appointment in Sacramento, arguing that satisfied their legal obligations, but Dhillon rejected that proposal and demanded an electronic copy of the statewide voter list «with all fields,» according to legal filings from the ongoing dispute taking place in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.

«We also have serious concerns about how California maintains its voter rolls,» Essayli wrote in his X post, calling out California Democrats for blocking the federal audit of their voter rolls. «There are open questions about whether the state is promptly removing deceased voters, people who have moved, and individuals convicted of disqualifying felonies.» 

Essayli also highlighted how California’s rules allow certain first-time voters who do not provide a Social Security number or driver’s license when registering to verify their identity with documents including gym membership cards, employer IDs, credit or debit cards, prescription labels and insurance cards — a policy his office says warrants scrutiny.

NONCITIZENS ON VOTER ROLLS IN DEMOCRAT-RUN STATE EXPOSED AS RNC CHAIR PLEDGES SECURE ELECTIONS

«On top of that, California allows third parties to collect and turn in ballots on voters’ behalf (a practice known as ballot harvesting) with few restrictions,» Essayli added. «This makes it difficult to track who actually received, completed, and submitted each ballot.»

Assistant Attorney General Harmeet K. Dhillon, who leads the DOJ office that enforces federal voting-rights laws (Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)

The California Attorney General’s office pushed back on Essayli’s framing, noting that DOJ had already lost the case at the district court level and that the pending Ninth Circuit fight stems from the federal government’s appeal of that dismissal.

A U.S. District Judge dismissed the DOJ’s lawsuit in January, with the presiding judge writing that the department was seeking «an unprecedented amount of personal information» from California’s unredacted voter rolls, including names, Social Security numbers, home addresses, voting history and other sensitive information from nearly 23 million Californians. The judge also wrote that DOJ could not use federal election laws in a way that «wholly disregards the separation of powers provided for in the Constitution.»

FEDERAL JUDGE REJECTS TRUMP ADMIN LAWSUIT SEEKING MICHIGAN VOTER ROLLS

A spokesperson for Attorney General Rob Bonta’s office highlighted in a statement to Fox News Digital that the DOJ has brought approximately 30 voter roll lawsuits nationwide and has lost all eight voter roll cases that have been decided to date.

California Attorney General Rob Bonta (R) speaks as California Governor Gavin Newsom looks on during a news conference at Gemperle Orchard on April 16, 2025, in Ceres, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)

The fight for federal access to California’s voter rolls comes as voter roll maintenance has been a concern of President Donald Trump and Republicans nationally.

«If fraudsters do it right, it can be many, many more votes like this,» Illinois GOP Chairman Bob Grogan told Fox News Digital two weeks ago after a Democratic city official in his state turned herself in for allegedly using her dead mother’s name to vote. Grogan expressed particular concern with mail-in balloting, even though he did recognize its necessity in some cases.

TRUMP-APPOINTED FEDERAL JUDGE TOSSES DOJ LAWSUIT SEEKING ARIZONA VOTER DATA

«Mail ballots are especially vulnerable, which is why they should be secured, should never be mailed without a specific request from the voter, and should always be verified before they are tabulated. This case also shows how essential it is to maintain clean voter rolls,» Jason Snead, who runs the Honest Elections Project, told Fox News Digital about the Illinois case. «Had the list maintenance process been slower, it is possible this illegal vote would have been counted before the fraud was discovered. Unfortunately, too many states — particularly blue states — actively resist commonsense safeguards, which begs the question: how many other illegal votes have slipped through the system?»

Chester County, Pennsylvania, election workers process mail-in and absentee ballots at West Chester University in West Chester on Nov. 4, 2020. (AP Photo/Matt Slocum)

Dead registrants have also fueled broader scrutiny of voter roll maintenance nationally. 

North Carolina election officials said in April they identified roughly 34,000 deceased people still listed on the state’s voter rolls after a federal database comparison, while other recent local controversies have included allegations or investigations involving deceased voters appearing on registration lists or absentee-ballot records.

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Republicans have argued cases such as these show why states should be more transparent about how they maintain voter lists. RNC Chairman Joe Gruters told Fox News Digital that the New Jersey records were «eye-opening» and said the party has sought voter roll maintenance information from nearly every state.

DOJ has already pursued a similar records fight inside California, suing Orange County’s registrar last year for allegedly refusing to provide records to help remove noncitizens from its voter-registration list. At the time, Dhillon said removing noncitizens from California’s voter rolls was «critical» to ensuring the state’s rolls are accurate and that elections are conducted without fraudulent voting.

Debajo de los pies, invisible y sin hacer ruido, existe una red que conecta plantas, mueve nutrientes y ayuda a regular el clima del planeta.

Un grupo científico liderado por investigadores de los Países Bajos publicó el primer mapa global de los organismos que forman esas alianzas subterráneas con cerca del 70% de las plantas terrestres: los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

Los resultados del trabajo, publicado en la revista Science de la Asociación Estadounidense para el Avance de la Ciencia, cambian la forma de entender la vida bajo la tierra.

La cifra central del estudio es difícil de imaginar: los suelos superiores del mundo contienen aproximadamente 110 cuatrillones de kilómetros de redes fúngicas vivas, una distancia casi mil millones de veces mayor que la que separa la Tierra del Sol.

Esas redes están formadas por hifas, los filamentos microscópicos más finos que un cabello humano, que actúan como tuberías vivas entre las plantas y los hongos.

El trabajo fue liderado por Justin Stewart y Toby Kiers, de la Sociedad para la Protección de las Redes Subterráneas (SPUN) y la Universidad Libre de Ámsterdam, en los Países Bajos. También contaron con la colaboración de científicos de Sudáfrica, Canadá, Reino Unido, Bélgica y Estados Unidos.

Durante décadas, se sabía que esos hongos existían y que eran vitales, pero nunca había podido calcular cuántos hay ni dónde están con precisión. Las mediciones previas mezclaban distintos tipos de hongos sin distinguirlos, y los mapas globales no existían.

Esa falta de datos era un problema real: sin saber dónde están esas redes ni qué tan densas son, resultaba imposible evaluar su aporte al ciclo del carbono o diseñar políticas concretas para proteger el suelo.

La agricultura intensiva añadía otra preocupación: se sospechaba que los cultivos dañaban estas redes, pero nadie lo había medido a escala planetaria.

Los investigadores que publicaron en Science se propusieron construir un mapa por primera vez, con una resolución de un kilómetro cuadrado por punto de predicción, e identificar qué ecosistemas albergan las redes más densas y qué factores del ambiente las determinan.

Reunieron datos de más de 16.000 muestras de suelo que obtuvieron en nueve biomas distintos, desde desiertos hasta bosques tropicales.

Con esa base, entrenaron modelos de aprendizaje automático, que son sistemas informáticos que detectan patrones en grandes volúmenes de datos, para predecir la densidad de las redes en zonas sin muestras disponibles.

El paso más novedoso fue un robot de imágenes diseñado a medida, capaz de fotografiar redes fúngicas vivas con altísima velocidad y precisión.

Con ese sistema, el equipo tomó más de 300.000 mediciones del grosor de las hifas de tres especies distribuidas en todo el mundo.

Esos datos de grosor fueron la clave para calcular el peso real de las redes: aproximadamente 300 megatones de carbono almacenado en biomasa fúngica viva, una cantidad equivalente a entre cuatro y seis veces todo el carbono que contienen los cuerpos de todos los seres humanos del planeta.

Los resultados mostraron que los pastizales concentran alrededor del 40% de toda la biomasa global de estos hongos.

Zonas como los Everglades en Florida, los humedales del Sudd en Sudán del Sur y la estepa tibetana registraron las densidades más altas, un dato que llamó la atención del equipo porque los pastizales tienen menor vegetación que los bosques tropicales.

Las tierras agrícolas contaron otra historia: sus densidades de hifas fueron, en promedio, un 47,3% menores que en ecosistemas silvestres. El uso de fertilizantes con fósforo y nitrógeno reduce el incentivo de las plantas para alimentar a sus hongos, y los fungicidas los atacan directamente.

“Es difícil exagerar la importancia y la magnitud de estos hongos”, dijo Stewart. “Puede haber hasta 10 metros de red micorrízica en apenas una cucharadita de suelo”, resaltó.

Esas redes mueven hacia el interior del suelo unos 3.900 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente cada año, provenientes de las plantas.

“Los hongos han sido ignorados en las políticas climáticas y de conservación por demasiado tiempo”, dijo Kiers. “Ahora es el momento de cambiar esa trayectoria.”

Tras los resultados, los investigadores advirtieron que los datos de suelos profundos son escasos (apenas el 2% de la base corresponde a profundidades mayores de 50 centímetros) y que las tasas de renovación de las hifas permanecen mal documentadas.

El mapa quedó disponible para su descarga por parte de gobiernos y tomadores de decisiones, con el propósito de servir como línea de base para monitorear la salud de estas comunidades fúngicas subterráneas.

En diálogo con Infobae, José Martín Scervino, investigador independiente del Conicet que estudia las relaciones entre las comunidades de hongos y bacterias en el Instituto INIBIOMA, en Bariloche, Argentina, comentó: “Este mapa revela una enorme red biológica oculta bajo nuestros pies que hasta ahora no podíamos dimensionar”.

Los hongos micorrízicos son esenciales para la vida terrestre porque -remarcó el científico- “ayudan a las plantas a obtener nutrientes, mantienen la salud de los suelos y favorecen el almacenamiento de carbono. Saber dónde se encuentran y cómo se distribuyen nos brinda una herramienta clave para proteger ecosistemas y afrontar los desafíos ambientales del futuro”.

Scervino agregó: “Para América Latina, una región que alberga algunos de los ecosistemas más biodiversos del planeta y cuya economía depende fuertemente de los recursos naturales, esta información puede contribuir al diseño de estrategias de conservación, restauración de tierras degradadas y desarrollo de prácticas agrícolas más sostenibles”.