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“Desilustración”: cómo afecta a las sociedades modernas la acelerada pérdida del hábito de la lectura

La era de la información se enfrenta a un fenómeno paradójico: la pérdida acelerada de la lectura y, con ella, el debilitamiento del conocimiento y la ciencia. En un artículo publicado en The Times, el periodista británico Rod Liddle describe este proceso como “Desilustración”, caracterizado por la desaparición progresiva de hábitos que durante siglos impulsaron el desarrollo intelectual y social en Occidente.
Según el autor, la transición hacia la llamada “era post-alfabeta” ya resulta perceptible en los hábitos cotidianos de la sociedad. Incluso felicita irónicamente a quienes empezaron a leer las primeras líneas de su texto: “Usted posee una habilidad arcaica y rara: el arte de leer”. Para el autor, la lectura de libros está en vías de extinción, y su práctica será tan ajena para las futuras generaciones como lo es hoy el hallazgo casual de fósiles prehistóricos.
Sin embargo, para Liddle la “Desilustración” implica más que la simple decadencia de la lectura. Se trata de un proceso donde el conocimiento, el debate democrático y los principios de la ciencia dejan de ocupar un lugar central. Sostiene, además, que en este nuevo contexto prima la expresión de emociones sobre la adquisición de información, y que “parece que ya no es necesario comprender las cosas”.
El columnista señala que la inmediatez de la tecnología y el predominio de las redes sociales han modificado profundamente la relación con la palabra escrita. Según los datos citados en su artículo, el 47% de los adultos no lee libros por elección, lo que representa a unos 27 millones de personas, y el 61% de los jóvenes de entre 16 y 24 años se consideran “no lectores” o “lectores caídos”. Además, la proporción de niños y adolescentes (de 8 a 18 años) que leen se ha reducido a la mitad en los últimos 20 años.
Liddle atribuye parte de esta tendencia a los cambios en la enseñanza escolar. A su juicio, los sistemas educativos actuales priorizan evitar el aburrimiento de los alumnos, relegando actividades que requieren disciplina y esfuerzo, como la lectura de textos extensos o el aprendizaje por repetición: “Lo complicado es que, una vez que hemos dejado de leer, no volveremos a empezar. Uno no nace sabiendo leer: es una habilidad que requiere tiempo y paciencia para adquirirla. No tenemos tiempo y menos aún paciencia”.

La cultura digital también profundizó este fenómeno. El artículo señala que las nuevas formas de comunicación, como la mensajería instantánea y las plataformas sociales, favorecen el uso de frases cortas y la transmisión de emociones mediante imágenes o emojis, en detrimento de la reflexión y el vocabulario. “El lenguaje se ha convertido en una suerte de gruñido bestial”, describe el periodista, para quien la inmediatez tecnológica ha reducido la paciencia y la capacidad de concentración necesarias para leer un libro.
El análisis advierte, asimismo, que la caída de la lectura conlleva efectos directos sobre el conocimiento colectivo y la vida democrática. El autor argumenta que la ausencia de lectura dificulta la adquisición de información contextual y la exposición a opiniones diversas, elementos fundamentales para el debate público y el desarrollo de una ciudadanía informada. También afirma que, sin estos insumos, las respuestas y opiniones tienden a carecer de contexto y fundamento, transformándose en “experiencias vividas” individuales sin peso en el plano colectivo.
El artículo cita el descenso de los resultados en exámenes de lengua, como el GCSE de inglés en el Reino Unido, y la eventual eliminación de los exámenes de recuperación, como ejemplos de las consecuencias de este retroceso.
Según Liddle, una vez que la lectura se abandona, resulta casi imposible recuperar el hábito. El aprendizaje de la lectura exige tiempo y paciencia, dos recursos escasos en la actualidad. “La lectura ha pasado a ser una de esas pequeñas dificultades de la vida que podemos evitar”.
Ante este panorama, recuerda que la alfabetización fue clave en el surgimiento de la Revolución Industrial y en la expansión global del conocimiento. Para el autor, la lectura estimula la imaginación y permite el contacto con ideas diferentes, contribuyendo a evitar el aislamiento narcisista que se observa en la actualidad. “La lectura inspira, y cuanto mejor es el libro, mayor es la inspiración”.
Para Liddle, la desaparición de este hábito convertirá a las personas en individuos más limitados, aunque duda de que la sociedad preste atención a esta transformación.
En su artículo sostiene que que la “Desilustración” avanza de modo inexorable, con una sociedad que prioriza la inmediatez y la expresión sentimental por encima del conocimiento estructurado. Advierte, por su parte, que este proceso no solo afecta la cultura y la educación, sino que impacta en la capacidad de las sociedades para afrontar retos colectivos y sostener el progreso científico y democrático.
El diagnóstico expuesto por el periodista británico invita a reflexionar sobre el papel de la lectura y el conocimiento en la vida contemporánea. La caída de la alfabetización, según el análisis publicado por The Times, pone en riesgo la continuidad de los valores ilustrados que dieron forma al mundo moderno.
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Birth tourism crackdown expands as House chairman raises criminal conspiracy case

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A House task force chairman says companies helping foreign nationals travel to the United States to give birth so their children obtain U.S. citizenship could be engaging in a criminal conspiracy.
Rep. Brandon Gill, R-Texas, who chairs the House Oversight Committee’s Task Force on Defending Constitutional Rights and Exposing Institutional Abuses, told Fox News Digital that his panel has subpoenaed several so-called «birth tourism companies» as it investigates firms advertising services to help foreign nationals travel to the United States to give birth.
«Right now, under current law, birth tourism is illegal. You cannot come into the United States for the purpose of giving birth,» Gill said.
TRUMP BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP FIGHT COMES ROARING BACK WITH ‘INVADERS’ PLAY AFTER KAVANAUGH ROADMAP
Rep. Brandon Gill speaks on birthright citizenship. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)
«And I believe that there’s a compelling legal case to be made that these businesses that are facilitating this process — facilitating somebody coming into the United States to give birth — lying on their immigration forms or on their visa forms — are engaging in a form of criminal conspiracy, and that’s what we’re going to get to the bottom of,» Gill said.
State Department regulations prohibit foreign nationals from obtaining visitor visas when consular officers determine that their primary purpose is traveling to the United States to give birth so their child obtains U.S. citizenship.
While Gill’s task force has been quietly looking into several companies since at least 2025, the national scrutiny intensified after photographs circulated in July of a billboard advertising for the Women’s Center at Mission Regional Medical Center in Mission, Texas – a stone’s throw from Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
The Spanish-language billboard advertised a now-defunct «Have My Baby In Texas» website, and quoted Mission Regional providing births for $3,950 and Caesarean Sections for $5,525. It also displayed a phone number that included «001» – the country code required for international calls to the U.S.
MAINE GOP HOPEFUL VYING FOR TRUMP ENDORSEMENT PREVIOUSLY RAN BIRTHING CLINICS CATERING TO MIGRANT WOMEN

Demonstrators holds up a banner during a citizenship rally outside of the Supreme Court in Washington, May 15, 2025. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana, File)
Gill and others have since issued responses to the controversy, with the State of Texas also launching its own investigation of the hospital.
«I think it’s astounding,» Gill said. His task force is investigating several similar operations, including one in Miami, and has requested records from that business and three others nationwide.
Gill said birth tourism is an «obvious and clear abuse» of the U.S. immigration system and of the benevolence of the American people and the nation’s institutions.
TRUMP BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP FIGHT COMES ROARING BACK WITH ‘INVADERS’ PLAY AFTER KAVANAUGH ROADMAP

Demonstrators rally in support of birthright citizenship outside the US Supreme Court in Washington, DC on April 1, 2026. (Mandel Ngan/Getty Images)
«We are the ones who often end up picking up the tab for a lot of these services,» he said, arguing that birthright citizenship was intended for former slaves and their children when the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868.
«It had nothing to do with hordes of illegal aliens crossing our southern border and giving birth in America and using those babies to anchor illegal aliens into our country. And for all of America’s history, we’ve always had a very clear understanding that there are certain people who are born within America’s boundaries, within America borders, who are not American citizens, the children of an invading army.»
The latter point was captured by Sen. Jim Banks, R-Ind., and put into legislation Fox News Digital exclusively broke earlier in the week.
That proposal would codify President Donald Trump’s executive order deeming the illegal immigration crisis an «invasion» and cite the 1898 Wong Kim Ark Supreme Court case’s exemption of citizenship for people not «bound to render obedience to the sovereign (U.S. government) whose domains are being invaded.»
Gill said he had heard about but not fully read Banks’ bill – but underlined he believes it to be a «phenomenal» plan of action.
«I think that that is the type of legal clarification that could help us out quite a bit in the long run,» he said.
«Remember that the goal is to make sure that our children’s birthright isn’t being taken away from us because foreigners are coming in and having babies in our country and then buying up our homes and taking American jobs and using welfare that the American people are paying for.»
Gill said the crisis touches on the biggest issue from the 2024 election cycle, which he considered to be the illegal immigration crisis writ-large.
«In this case; seeing people cross the border so that their children can be anchored into the United States. That is such an obvious abuse of the American People economically, socially, culturally. It’s a huge risk to America’s national defense.»
A Mission Regional spokesperson told Fox News Digital on Friday the hospital remains an «award-winning, nonprofit» infirmary that has been operating as such since 1954.
«We recognize that a very limited marketing campaign may have caused unintended misunderstanding and was immediately discontinued. The campaign was meant to highlight services available to the communities we serve and was never intended to encourage any unlawful activity and Mission Regional Medical Center remains committed to serving the Rio Grande Valley with integrity, compassion, transparency, and full compliance with all applicable laws,» the spokesperson said.
The spokesperson said the billboard campaign returned very little patient volume and no financial benefit to a community they said has a high uninsured-patient rate and limited maternity care.
«The hospital does not support or facilitate unlawful activity and has never operated its obstetric program with the intent of attracting individuals who are unlawfully present in the United States, promoting birth tourism, or encouraging travel to the United States for the purpose of obtaining U.S. citizenship for a child,» the spokesperson added.
Citing a separate order from Austin, the spokesperson said 99% of all emergency and inpatient patients who responded to a state-required survey were legal U.S. residents or citizens.
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«Birth tourism should never be big business in the United States. This tactic exploits U.S. immigration law, and those who willfully mispresent their intentions to temporarily come to the U.S. are breaking the law,» Rep. James Comer, R-Ky., chairman of the greater Oversight Committee said in May.
In a concurrence to the Supreme Court’s June 30 ruling striking down Trump’s birthright citizenship order, Justice Brett Kavanaugh indicated that Congress could still act through legislation. Gill, Banks and other lawmakers have said they plan to pursue that route as they seek to restrict birthright citizenship.
illegal immigrants, immigration, border security, controversies state and local, congress
INTERNACIONAL
La memoria de la Guerra Civil española y sus espantos, 90 años después

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La cautela de Franco
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Incoming UK PM Andy Burnham rejects Thatcher-era policies, signals leftward shift

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Britain’s incoming Prime Minister Andy Burnham used his first speech as Labour leader Friday to condemn the economic model established in the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher and promise greater public control of essential services, signaling a shift to the left from outgoing Prime Minister Keir Starmer.
Burnham, who will formally become prime minister Monday, said that Britain had taken «a series of wrong turns in the 1980s,» when political power was centralized and economic power was transferred to private companies. He was unopposed to run as party leader, having been nominated by 379 Members of Parliament to lead it.
«The country surrendered control of the essentials — housing, water, energy, transport — and left people exposed to higher costs,» Burnham said during the July 17 speech in London, according to a transcript of his remarks.
WHO IS ANDY BURNHAM? THE TRUMP CRITIC SET TO BECOME THE U.K.’S NEXT PRIME MINISTER
He declared that four decades of neoliberal economic policy had «not been kind» to the working-class and industrial communities that traditionally supported Labour and described his ascent as the country’s most significant political turning point in 40 years.
«The government I lead will confidently lay that path out starting next week,» Burnham said. «That is why this change today is the most significant change moment in our politics for 40 years.
Alan Mendoza, executive director of the Henry Jackson Society, said Burnham’s speech offered a clear ideological signal but little detail about how his government would carry it out. «With Burnham, there is a lot of light and heat, but not much actual substance,» he added. «We are all still waiting to see what that substance might be.»

Britons suffer through the ‘Winter of Discontent’ as a man walks past a pile of rubbish in London. Sanitation workers joined other unions across the U. K. on strike in February 1979. (Graham Morris/Evening Standard/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Mendoza said, «If he thinks Britain has been on the wrong track for the last 40 years, what is the right track? Is it socialism of a past kind? Is it some form of statism? What does he actually intend to do?»
Burnham’s speech offered the clearest indication yet that the former Greater Manchester mayor intends to move the party away from Starmer’s more cautious economic positioning and toward greater state ownership, expanded council and social housing, giving more power to regional government and increased state involvement in essential services.
FARAGE SAYS MASS MIGRATION HAS CHANGED THE UK ‘LITERALLY BEYOND RECOGNITION,’ BELIEVES PARTY CAN WIN ELECTION
Burnham said Labour would no longer attempt to imitate the right and far-left parties. «We won’t try to out-Green the Greens or out-Reform Reform.»
Although he did not explicitly advocate returning Britain to the 1970s or refer to the late Lady Thatcher by name, free-market critics portrayed his attack on her reforms as an effort to revive the state-dominated economic policies that preceded her government.
Britain experienced the Winter of Discontent in 1978-79, when millions of workers participated in widespread strikes over pay that disrupted daily life. The strikes left trash uncollected, reduced hospital services and affected public transportation. The unrest is widely seen as a major factor in the election of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservatives in 1979 as voters turned against the unions and the Labour government of that time.
KEIR STARMER RESIGNS AS BRITISH PRIME MINISTER AFTER DEVASTATING LABOUR REVOLT AND LOCAL ELECTION LOSSES

Andy Burnham, who is expected to become the U.K.’s next prime minister on Monday, speaks to supporters after winning a by-election in Ashton in Makerfield, England, on Friday, June 19, 2026. (Jon Super/AP)
The Adam Smith Institute responded to his speech by publishing a lengthy defense of the Thatcher era, highlighting reductions in income and corporate tax rates, privatizations, rising homeownership and fewer days lost to labor strikes.
«Since you mentioned the 1980s, Andy Burnham, here’s a reminder of what was achieved,» the free-market think tank wrote before listing economic indicators it said improved during the period.
According to the free-market think tank, the top rate of income tax fell from 83% to 40%, the basic rate dropped from 33% to 25%, and corporation tax was reduced from 52% to 35%. It said inflation declined from a peak of 21.9% in 1980 to 2.4% in 1986, while the number of working days lost to strikes fell from 29.5 million in 1979 to 1.9 million in 1990. The institute also said homeownership rose from 55% to 67%, the number of individual shareholders increased from 3 million to 11 million, and national debt fell from 47% of gross domestic product to 28%.
Emma Schubart, a research fellow at the Henry Jackson Society who previously worked at the Adam Smith Institute, told Fox News Digital that Burnham’s speech demonstrated what she described as a fundamental misunderstanding of taxation and economic incentives.
«The biggest takeaway is that he comes across as pretty economically illiterate,» Schubart said in an interview Friday. She called Burnham’s «demonization» of Thatcher polices «strange and needless.»

Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, addresses a Press Conference at Conservative Party Headquarters in Smith Square, London on June 8, 1987 during the General Election campaign. (David Levenson/Getty Images)
Schubart argued that Burnham’s message was internally contradictory because he presented his leadership as a national renewal while proposing to dismantle reforms associated with the 1980s.
«He keeps saying he’s bringing a renewal to the U.K. and a new chapter,» she said. «But then he also says, ‘We’re going to go back to the ’70s.’ You have to pick one.»
Burnham nevertheless insisted he would be a «pro-business leader,» while calling for greater public control of essential services, new powers for regional governments and closer cooperation with private businesses.

U.S. President Donald Trump and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer wave as they board Air Force One at Prestwick Airport ahead of a flight to north-east Scotland on July 28, 2025 in Prestwick, Scotland. (Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)
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The ideological shift presents an immediate political gamble. Burnham must unite Labour’s competing factions, reassure financial markets and respond to Reform UK’s growing challenge — all while taking office without winning a national election.
Mendoza warned that Burnham’s effort to appeal to the left could complicate relations with the Trump administration. «The government could most definitely clash with the United States under Burnham’s vision, because the voters he is trying to bring back into his tent include many of those who are deeply hostile to America.
«If he adopts U.S.-friendly policies, he risks alienating the voting coalition he is trying to create,» he continued. «But if he decides to pick fights with the United States, he risks damaging British national security and the alliance with America, which matters far more to the country than any electoral coalition.»
Burnham is expected to be sworn in as prime minister on Monday by King Charles III.
andy burnham, united kingdom, economic policy, politics
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